impact of consequentialism in healthcare

Epub 2019 Apr 11. Sandolu A. October 6, 2017. http://www.clinicalinformaticsnews.com/2017/10/06/3d-facial-recognition-gives-healthcare-data-a-new-look.aspx. The best-known consequentialist ethical theory is utilitarianism, which says that the wrongness or rightness of an action depends on the amount of overall good or utility that is produced. Washington Post. 13 FRT is also being applied to predict behavior, pain, and emotions by identifying facial expressions associated with depression or pain, for example. Consequentialism Deontology (Biomedical Ethics) Charles Lohman . Ethical considerations: Ethical approval was obtained from the local National Research Ethics Committee. When making ethical decisions within healthcare, the patients must have a clear channel of communication between the health care provider and the patient, as without this the patients wished cannot be taken into consideration. Some of the moral philosophers associated with this theory include Jeremy Bentham, David Hume, Henry Sidgwick and many others. Human behavior prediction using facial expression analysis. The most famous version of non-consequentialism is deontology, which holds that one has an absolute duty to obey certain rules. FRT is being developed to predict health characteristics, such as longevity and aging.13 FRT is also being applied to predict behavior, pain, and emotions by identifying facial expressions associated with depression or pain, for example.14,15 Another major area for FRT applications in health care is patient identification and monitoring, such as monitoring elderly patients for safety or attempts to leave a health care facility16 or monitoring medication adherence through the use of sensors and facial recognition to confirm when patients take their medications.17. 2021 Jul-Aug;42(4):787-791. doi: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2021.04.020. (Though, most versions of non-consequentialism allow some ethical relevance of consequences). FRT raises novel challenges regarding privacy. However, despite these efforts, the oppressing side ignores the foreign powers efforts. Religion plays a large part in the ethical issue of abortion, just like with . Utilitarianism (also called consequentialism) is a moral theory developed and refined in the modern world in the writings of Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) and John Stuart Mill (1806-1873). Nurses use their moral reasoning based on their beliefs and values when faced with ethical dilemmas. Even if the damage to Jims integrity is taken into account, there is another problem: the consequentialist would regard Jims killing another person not merely as preferable, but as morally required. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). On the next ward is Patient A who has a curable disease and also is a suitable donor for the other patients. However, having evolved from a set of Christian values and principles, it retains certain deontological characteristics. 2012 Jul;68(7):1516-25. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2011.05897.x. Nurses require the skills to develop and maintain professional relationships for addressing ethical dilemmas and to engage with political and organisational macro- and micro-decision-making. Accessed July 25, 2018. Youve read one of your four complimentary articles for this month. Conseque. consequentialism, In ethics, the doctrine that actions should be judged right or wrong on the basis of their consequences. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Join us! April 11, 2017. https://www.technologyreview.com/s/604087/the-dark-secret-at-the-heart-of-ai/. Consequentialism is a type of normative ethical theory which states that the moral quality of an action is completely determined by its consequences, and nothing else. Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. 124). The happiness of the individual is overridden by the happiness of the masses. This makes consequentialist theories very demanding on the agent involved. I intend to show that expecting individuals to take an impersonal standpoint in a decision that so greatly affects them is unrealistic and leads to alienation. Complex and expensive treatment options have increased the frequency and emphasis of ethical decision-making in healthcare. When deciding on questions of what is ethically right or wrong utilitarians want to maximise the overall amount of happiness or welfare. 2016 May;23(3):265-76. doi: 10.1177/0969733014564101. Mack H. FDNA launches app-based tool for clinicians using facial recognition, AI and genetic big data to improve rare disease diagnosis and treatment. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. health ethics. Putting ethics at the centre of everyday life. To demonstrate this I will use an adapted version of John Harris Survival Lottery thought experiment (this thought experiment is a theoretical example used to highlight the objection and is not to be taken literally): Let us imagine we have five patients who require organ transplants. December 13, 2021Ana Langer is professor of the practice of public health and coordinator of the Women and Health Initiative at Harvard T.H. The theory is also impartial. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Now we will look at an example of how utilitarianism may be used in a medical context. One potential issue is that of liability. Clinical Informatics News. You must explain the key principles of providing care, showing an understanding of the skills and attributes required by those professionals who meet the care and support needs of individuals. The question that concerns me, is, to what extent is a normative theory, consequentialism in particular, constrained by requirements that stem from The SlideShare family just got bigger. The pros and cons of utilitarianism show us that there is a time and place where these principles offer a potential benefit to society. PMC A consequence of consequentialism, however, is that it fails to respect the integrity of the individuals involved. Benthams views are most closely aligned withact utilitarianism. The oppressors force is relentless to crush the minority rebellion, and the repressive measures adopted in retaliation is specifically for the purpose of forcing the minority to subjugation under its iron fist and crush the rebellion to render the minority weak in the future. As what matters is only the end result, who is acting or how they arrive at the decisions they make is irrelevant. Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more from Scribd. Key considerations included nursing's moral ontology, the nurse-patient relationship, potential impact on the profession, ethical principles and theories, moral culpability for acts versus omissions, the role of intention and the nature of the society in which euthanasia would be enacted. Descriptions of ethical theories and principles, Lecture 1: Philosphical Ethics (Feister) Slides, Clinical (medical) ethics WHOLE course (2020), CMA Part #2 - Section F - Professional Ethics - Moral Philosophies in Ethics, Lecture 24 childress et al on public health ethics, Session 3 ethical principals and theories, Ethics in dentisrty power point presentation, PHI 204 - The Patient-Doctor Relationship, PHI 204 - The 4 Medical Ethics Principles, PHI 204 - Ethical Issues in Health Care: Casuistry, Cultural Relativism, PHI 204 - Ethical Issues in Health Care: Virtue Ethics, Feminist Ethics, WATER STRUCTURE Acidic and Basic Properties of Water.docx, Differences Between I Phone X and I Phone 6s Discussion.pdf, No public clipboards found for this slide, Enjoy access to millions of presentations, documents, ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more. As the saga unfolds we are to monitor, measure and maximise the consequences for the greater good of the larger number. But if telling a lie would help save a persons life, consequentialism says its the right thing to do. Bina RW, Langevin JP. We will close by outlining the areas where consequentialism is at odds with current medical law and how medical law should evolve according to consequentialism. This is because all things being equal they will live longer and may contribute more to society over a longer period of time. . Epub 2021 May 4. Before Is it okay to do bad things for a good cause? By continuing to browse the site with cookies enabled in your browser, you consent to the use of cookies in accordance with our privacy policy. . Medical News Today. According to consequentialism, the right act is that act which has the best consequences. 2017;242:797-804. Nurses use these in contributing to the resolution of these dilemmas. He said, she said: Investigating the Christian Porter Case. Any consequentialist ethical theory has to provide a justification of how we decide which consequences are good or bad. VAD can have numerous negative health effects such as dryness of the eye that can lead to blindness if untreated, reduced immune system response, and an increase in the severity and mortality risk of infections. In effect we become moral martyrs, surrendering our integrity (leading to alienation) in order to achieve what they believe is morally right. Decision-making; ethics of care; interprofessional working; moral dissonance; moral distress; nursepatient relationships; professional ethics; qualitative research; virtue ethics. An official website of the United States government. Findings: No other adults or swimmers are anywhere to be seen, so without your help the child will drown. As with any clinical innovation, FRT tools should be expected to demonstrate accuracy for specific uses and to demonstrate that overall benefits outweigh risks.26 Detecting and evaluating bias in data and results should also receive close ethical scrutiny.27 In machine learning, the quality of the results reflects the quality of data input to the system28an issue sometimes referred to as garbage in, garbage out. For example, when images used to train software are not drawn from a pool that is sufficiently racially diverse, the system may produce racially biased results.29 If this happens, FRT diagnostics might not work as well for some racial or ethnic groups as others. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). This is the basis of duty based ethics, also known as deontology, which we will turn our attention to in the next post. Type. These can be thought of as rules or duties that we have to ourselves and to others regardless of their consequences. One World Identity. "The rationale isn't that they're more worthy; it's that they can contribute in the longer run to saving more lives.". J Med Ethics. Consequentialism teaches that people should do whatever produces the greatest amount of good consequences. If you dont, you should be held partly responsible for the childs death. Articles. We've encountered a problem, please try again. Nurses' tension-based ethical decision making in rural acute care settings. Philosophy Now 2023. He even developed a calculator to work out which actions were better or worse the felicific calculus. The principle of utilitarianism invites us to consider the immediate and the less immediate consequences of our actions. The viewpoints expressed in this article are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the AMA. According to consequentialism, the right act is that act which has the best consequences. It is not unreasonable to say that in this example you should pause your duck feeding and jump in to save the child. 8600 Rockville Pike Through alienating ourselves Railton shows that adopting ones exclusive ultimate end in life in the pursuit of maximum happiness may well prevent one from having experiences or engaging in certain sorts of commitments that are among the greatest sources of happiness (Alienation, Consequentialism and the Demands of Morality, Philosophy and Public Affairs, 1984). Managing ongoing swallow safety through information-sharing: An ethnography of speech and language therapists and nurses at work on stroke units. John Stuart Mill, a student of Benthams, disagreed. An example of consequentialism is utilitarianism. Recognition of the Cornelia de Lange syndrome phenotype with facial dysmorphology novel analysis. Our duty to others can be illustrated using another example, one used by contemporary utilitarian philosopher Peter Singer. The Ethical Theory. Use and Significance of Nursing Diagnosis in Hospital Emergencies: A Phenomenological Approach. Deontological Ethics. One of the consequences of a breach of confidentiality could be that the patient will lose trust in his/her doctor, and perhaps doctors generally, resulting in him/her not accessing healthcare in the future with a detrimental effect on his/her (and others?) Accessed July 17, 2018. For the consequentialist it is obvious that the right choice for Jim would be to kill one Indian in order to save the lives of the other nineteen. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. For example, if FRT diagnostic software develops to the point that it is used not just to augment but to replace a physicians judgment, ethical and legal questions may arise regarding which entity appropriately has liability.41 Or if FRT is used to monitor compliance, track patients whereabouts, or assist in other kinds of surveillance, patients trust in physicians could be eroded, undermining the therapeutic alliance. There is important reason for the root word. consequentialism in what makes the patient and everyone else happy with the outcome, and societal impacts with regards to the distribution of resources and the overall positive outcome to society. Does the pain that Jim would feel not need to be taken into account when looking at the best overall outcome? https://research.nhgri.nih.gov/atlas/. Information, consent, and informed consent. Data Lab. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Consequentialism. Particularly in Italy, where the death toll and strain on hospitals has reached a critical point, there is a policy now to prioritise treating younger patients and healthcare workers. To identify the contribution made by nurses in achieving the resolution of ethical dilemmas in practice. Select Accept to consent or Reject to decline non-essential cookies for this use. Accessibility He believed it was too difficult for a society to run if it had to consider the specific costs/benefits of every single action. There are two broad schools of ethical theory: consequentialism and non-consequentialism. Participants and context: Participants were interviewed about their contribution to the resolution of ethical dilemmas within the context of working in an acute hospital ward. PART 1 . You can update your choices at any time in your settings. 2000 Mar;2(1):29-41. So, if Oliver had a wide network of adoring cat lovers because of his friendly, playful nature, unlike Benjy who prefers a life of peaceful solitude I should save Oliver as this would cause the least pain and produce the most pleasure for the people that know him. Bias. An objective measure of whether something is good or bad, and by how much. government site. 1-2.) The other concern people express is the tendency of consequentialism to use ends justify the means logic. The final result was amazing, and I highly recommend www.HelpWriting.net to anyone in the same mindset as me. 2005 Oct;25(5):312-27. And this is the central problem; that Jims values are seen as unimportant when it comes to deciding how he should act in the given situation. As considered here, numerous applications of FRT in health care settings suggest the ethical, clinical, and legal importance of informed consent, data input and analysis quality, effective communication about incidental findings, and potential influence on patient-clinician relationships. Epub 2020 Mar 30. Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, Pub L No. and transmitted securely. You must recall and relate knowledge of how the professionals in the case studies promote equality and diversity and the skills and attributes needed to do this.. 25 (4). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Many utilitarians take a hedonistic approach, saying that utility equates to happiness, so we should act to produce the greatest happiness, and to minimize pain and unhappiness. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. Published November 9, 2017. Again, consequentialism forces us to put our commitments second, regardless of how strongly we are connected to them or how much pleasure we derive from them. Sooner or later, after all diplomatic and political channels are exhausted to reach a solution, they begin to take up arms against the oppressor. Nurses' experiences of providing ethical care to the patients with COVID-19: A phenomenological study. Utilitarianism in Public Health January 2016 . A novel approach to the detection of acromegaly: accuracy of diagnosis by automatic face classification. Consequentialism Deontology (Biomedical Ethics) Charles Lohman. Furthermore, whilst the consequentialist can agree that the individual agents integrity should not be ignored, as Williams explains, (h)is own substantial projects and commitments come into it, but only as one lot among others. (Ethics, 1994) As our integrity is one among many others and consequentialism expects us all to take an impersonal standpoint, it would follow that everyone would need to disregard their personal commitments, which is likely to lead in turn to overall unhappiness, a problem for a moral theory with hedonistic tendencies. Virtue ethics: focusing on the moral character, or . Cloud-assisted speech and face recognition framework for health monitoring. This will take a team effort and true representation of humility and togetherness. While FRT systems in health care can de-identify data, some experts are skeptical that such data can be truly anonymized21; from clinical and ethical perspectives, informing patients about this kind of risk is critical. The other way of thinking about the relationship is the focus of this paper. If Jim refuses to kill anyone then he is therefore responsible for the deaths of the others. Killing the one Indian is going to have a profound effect on Jims life but for the consequentialist, Jims values are irrelevant. Healthcare workers often face a problem of decision - making. This is not the greatest amount of happiness for the moral agent but the greatest amount of happiness overall - this is known as the greatest happiness principle. 2018;12:300. In many hospitals and healthcare trusts across the world this is the thought process that is guiding their policies regarding who should be treated in hospitals. Consequentialism is the position that morality is determined by the outcome of good or bad consequences caused by a person's actions. Consequentialism focuses on promoting the best consequences, but what kind of consequences are the best? January 12, 2016. https://medcitynews.com/2016/01/aicure-fundraise/. When a service user is speaking to a health care professional it is important for them to listen properly, for example not looking around and yawning, instead make eye contact and ensuring body language looks engaging. Stephen ID, Hiew V, Coetzee V, Tiddeman BP, Perrett DI. McCullom R. Facial recognition technology is both biased and understudied. Our work is only made possible because of you. Published March 3, 2014. Bookshelf Hossain MS, Muhammad G. Cloud-assisted framework for health monitoring. But in Jims case his pain at killing one person is a relatively minor consideration when the very lives of nineteen others (and the happiness of their families and friends) is at stake. Because it counted every persons pleasure or pain as the same, regardless of age, wealth, race, etc. National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health. An action that brings about more benefit than harm is good, while an action that causes more harm than benefit is not. Perhaps it can in some way be quantified, so that if carrying out some act would damage the integrity of the individual so grievously that the maximum utility could be reached only if they failed to act, then not acting would be the right thing to do. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, Pub L No. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. On the one hand, the use of FRT to monitor the safety of dementia patients could be perceived as having benefits that outweigh the burdens of surveillance. Disregarding our integrity and alienating ourselves from our values and social ideas is likely to result in a life of unhappiness. By accepting, you agree to the updated privacy policy. Facial shape analysis identifies valid cues to aspects of physiological health in Caucasian, Asian, and African populations. Copyright 2023 American Medical Association. Protecting your patients interests in the era of big data, artificial intelligence, and predictive analytics. Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. The strong point of consequentialism is that it provides a clear and easy-to-understand guideline. Something is then considered "wrong" if it creates the opposite reaction. Broader influence of FRT. Implementing machine learning in health careaddressing ethical challenges. It provides criteria and rules for moral evaluation and decision making. 2022 Jan 6;10(1):12. doi: 10.3390/pharmacy10010012. Discussion: Taking an impersonal standpoint leads to alienation; this is the state of someone who has become separated from their commitments to themselves and others. Rather than taking into account our own attitudes towards an action, by taking an objective standpoint we are able to remove ourselves from our usual social groups and ideologies which affect the way in which we act and look at a situation, and instead we should act without bias. Their justification is that this action would produce the most overall welfare.. Hughes N. Google takes aim at controversial, stringent Illinois biometric privacy law. National Library of Medicine Instant access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and more. Consequentialism plays a huge role in this scenario as in both cases results of the decision made can be either positive or negative. The committee evaluates the impact of relationships on health care. 497 - 516. The peace that seems within reach, the reduction of gun related crimes and homicides, the dream of borderless territories and the future of a society that bears the fertile ground of excellence and achievement, can now be balanced on the spectrum of consequentialism. Participants were recruited from all settings working with patients of any age and any diagnosis. If consequentialism is to take a hedonistic approach that we should act so as to maximise overall happiness then it results in a contradiction. John Stuart Mill, one of the foremost Utilitarian moral theorists, sums up Utilitarianism as follows: "actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness." 80 Any account of Utilitarianism will have two central tenets. Core values versus common sense: consequentialist views appear less rooted in morality. Design: Consequentialism is a normative ethical theory, which means, it is a theory about ethical action and a proposed method for deciding how one should choose the right ethical act. Principlism is a commonly used ethical approach in healthcare and biomedical sciences. Surgical nurses' perceptions of ethical dilemmas, moral distress and quality of care. Certainly, the use of utilitarian ethics in medical contexts is not without controversy and this is something which we shall next by looking at a well-known objection to utilitarianism using a thought experiment: The objection is that by only focusing on objectively promoting the greatest good, utilitarians can permit and indeed claim that certain actions, which appear morally wrong, are in fact the right action. For a summary of consequentialist ethics check out the videos below: Our next stop in our tour of the ethical lay of the land is utilitarianism. The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) of 2008, for example, does not apply to FRT for genetic diagnosis, as FRT does not fit GINAs definition of genetic testing or genetic information.39 The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, which protects people with disabilities from discrimination in public life (eg, schools or employment),40 would also likely not apply to FRT used for diagnostic purposes if the conditions diagnosed are currently unexpressed. In practice this a very difficult thing to do to step outside of the values we have been brought up with and the state of being alienated itself often causes unhappiness within the individual. http://arxiv.org/abs/1403.0485. This helps prevent a surge of infected patients in the existing healthcare facilities. Use of facial recognition technology for medical purposes: balancing privacy with innovation. Moore 1912, chs. Epub 2015 Jan 6. The word deontology derives from the Greek words for duty ( deon) and science (or study) of ( logos ). Weve updated our privacy policy so that we are compliant with changing global privacy regulations and to provide you with insight into the limited ways in which we use your data. The effects of a person's actions judge if it was right or wrong. For example, if I have the choice between saving one of my two cats, Benjy and Oliver, from a house fire, I should save the cat that would produce the most utility over the other one. Ethics Med Public Health. A heavy man in a sweat-stained khaki shirt turns out to be the captain in charge and, after a good deal of questioning of Jim which establishes that he got there by accident while on a botanical expedition, explains that the Indians are a random group of the inhabitants who, after recent acts of protest against the government, are just about to be killed to remind other possible protestors of the advantages of not protesting. Equality is certainly one of the key principles behind Utilitarian philosophy. Utilitarianism would permit a doctor to allow Patient A to die and for their organs to be used to save the lives of the other five patients. One doctor speaking to the Business Insider claimed: "If you had, let's say, an ICU that was overwhelmed, you're probably going to try and give some extra attention to healthcare workers because you need them to deliver care," he said. For instance, most people would agree that lying is wrong. In broad terms, a hedonist is someone who tries to maximise pleasure and minimise pain. The same could be said for Jim who by doing nothing is responsible for the lives of the twenty Indians. Balthazar P, Harri P, Prater A, Safdar NM. The use of FRT in health care suggests the importance of informed consent, data input and analysis quality, effective communication about incidental findings, and potential influence on patient-clinician relationships. But Jim has to actively kill someone unlike the duck feeder for whom the only bad consequences are that he will get wet and muddy. Wired. Accessibility Aims: Benthams theory of utilitarianism focussed on which actions were most likely to make people happy.

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