names of families that owned slaves in texas

See the Heritage Exchange Portal for more information on how to document slaves and slave owners. A list of resources for African American research of ancestors who lived in Texas. When Bradburn arrested Travis on suspicion of plotting an insurrection, settlers rebelled. Several enslaved people ran away to serve with Mexican forces. Planters, for example, being generally satisfied with their lives as slaveholders, were largely unwilling to involve themselves in commerce and industry, even if there was a chance for greater profits. [46] Anyone convicted of providing arms to enslaved people during the war was sentenced to between two and five years of hard labor. Questions concerning its profitability are complex and always open to debate. Politically, slaveholders dominated public office holding at all levels. [24], Exportation in the slave-owning areas of the state surpassed that of the non-slave-owning areas. Voters' Registrations of 1867 are available on microfilm at the Texas State Archives. Although not considered equals in the tribes, they were generally treated well. [4] His account, along with those of the others, led to more extensive Spanish exploration of the new territory. The Federal Constitution of 1824 did not mention slavery, but the 1827 Constitution of the State of Coahuila and Texas prohibited the further introduction of slaves and declared all children born thereafter to slaves already in the state to be free at birth. As is apparent from the attached list of slave owners on this web site, many people in the county who owned slaves only had one or two. Andrew Lyda 3 8. That year, Mexico made the importation of enslaved people illegal. In August 1831, Juan Davis Bradburn, the military commander of the custom station on Upper Galveston Bay, gave asylum to two men who had escaped from slavery in Louisiana. https://www.tshaonline.org, https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/slavery. All ages were represented, however, from 5months to 60years. 7 rolls, National Underground Railroad Freedom Center, New England Historic Genealogical Society, John D. Rockefeller Jr. Library at Colonial Williamsburg, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Libraries, Texas State Library and Archives Commission, Clayton Library Center for Genealogical Research, Sam Houston Regional Library and Research Center, Natchitoches Genealogical and Historical Association, https://www.familysearch.org/en/wiki/index.php?title=African_American_Resources_for_Texas&oldid=5253354. Jubilee - The end of slavery in America! Most escapees joined friendly American Indian tribes, but others settled in the East Texas forests. This was in the slave owners' self-interest, for marriage encouraged reproduction under socially acceptable conditions, and slave children were valuable. [12] His nephew, governor of Texas Manuel Mara de Salcedo, interpreted the order as allowing slaveholders from the United States to enter Texas to reclaim runaways. Instead, the majority recognized all the controls such as slave patrols that existed to keep them in bondage and saw also that runaways and rebels generally paid heavy prices for overt resistance. A relatively few slaves, perhaps as many as 2,000 between 1835 and 1865, came through the illegal African trade. Copies of death certificates were sometimes attached to the entries. , and his wife Amy, are descendants of slave owners. Email: info@aamdallas.org There, he proclaimed his "General Order No. 389-412)Page Count: 24, Texas Runaway Slave Project. Democratic presidential candidate Beto O'Rourke holds a rally at Scholz Garten in Austin. 1836-1864 (10 fiche) FS Library 6118915, Oral Histories Recorded at the Gregory School, African American Freedman's Savings and Trust Company Records, United States, Freedman's Bank Records, 1865-1874, U.S., Freedman's Bank Records, 1865-1871 ($), United States, Freedmen's Bureau Claim Records,1865-1872, United States, Freedmen's Bureau Hospital and Medical Records, 1865-1872, United States, Freedmen's Bureau Labor Contracts, Indenture and Apprenticeship Records, 1865-1872, United States, Freedmen's Bureau Marriages, 1861-1872, United States, Freedmen's Bureau Ration Records,1865-1872, United States, Freedmen's Bureau Records of Persons and Articles Hired, 1865-1872, United States, Freedmen's Bureau, Freedmen's Court Records, 1865-1872, United States, Freedmen's Bureau, Land and Property Records, 1865-1872, United States, Freedmen's Bureau, Records of Freedmen's Complaints, 1865-1872, United States, Freedmen's Bureau, Records of the Superintendent of Education and of the Division of Education, 1865-1872, United States Freedmen's Bureau Miscellaneous Records,1865-1872, United States Freedmen's Bureau, Records of Freedmen, 1865-1872, African American Freedmen's Bureau Records. Most slaves, however, supplemented their basic diet with sweet potatoes, garden vegetables, wild game, and fish and were thus adequately fed. Over 30 of the fugitives made it safely to freedom in Mexico. [45][i][ii][iii], Texas seceded from the United States in 1861 and joined the Confederate States of America on the eve of the American Civil War. [31], By 1850, the enslaved population in Texas had increased to 58,161; in 1860 there were 182,566 enslaved, 30 percent of the total population. The Comanche indiscriminately killed enslaved people and their white owners during raids. Lambert Clayton 1 15. 535 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<511162D97422004CA0FA8843222F25B6>]/Index[509 45]/Info 508 0 R/Length 121/Prev 271316/Root 510 0 R/Size 554/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream Between 1816 and 1821, Louis-Michel Aury and Jean Lafitte smuggled enslaved people into the United States through Galveston Island. John J. Middleton of Beaufort, South Carolina: 530 slaves. 2021 Texas Standard. Eliza Denwoo Henry David Rhodes, planter, was born in Alabama about 1819. endstream endobj startxref [9] Of these, only 15 were enslaved, 4males and 11females. Although the law contained some recognition of their humanity, slaves in Texas had the legal status of personal property. Dallas, Texas 75225-0446 John Burneside of Ascension, Louisiana: 753 slaves; Saint James: 187 slaves. But Texas was once the site of an illegal racket led by pirates who brought slaves into the state and sold them throughout the United Thomas Justice 2 11. On the other hand, the institution may well have contributed in several ways to retarding commercialization and industrialization. The effect of the institution on the state's general economic development is less clear. Some slaveowners did not free their enslaved people until late in 1865. [40] As early as 1836, Texas slaveholders sent representatives to Matamoros to try to reclaim their runaways, but Mexico refused. They had no property rights themselves and no legal rights of marriage and family. [1] For 1865 and 1866, the section on abandoned and confiscated lands includes the names of the owners of the plantations or homes that were abandoned, confiscated, or leased. Even as Austins colonists began to establish slavery on the lower Brazos and Colorado rivers, the independence of Mexico cast doubt on the future of the institution in Texas. Please enable JavaScript in your browser's settings to use this part of Geni. It contains a very significant number of Texas' African-American population. Sizable numbers, however, came through the domestic slave trade. WebList of members of the United States Congress who owned slaves A James Abercrombie (congressman) Adelicia Acklen Joseph Alexander Smith Acklen Joseph H. Acklen George Madison Adams Green Adams James Uriah Adams Joel Adams Samuel Adams (Arkansas politician) William Wirt Adams Henry Addison (mayor) Thomas Affleck (planter) D. Wyatt The cotton industry flourished in East Texas, where enslaved labor became most widely used. Others hated their masters and their situation and rebelled by running away or using violence. [51], The long-term effects of slavery can be seen to this day in the state's demographics. A survey of Texas in 1834 found that the department of Bexar, which was mostly made up of Tejanos, had exported no goods. Most worked as house servants or on farms on the edges of towns, but others served as cooks and waiters in hotels, as teamsters or boatmen, or as coachmen and skilled artisans, such as blacksmiths, carpenters, and barbers. [18] Slaveholders trying to enter Mexico would force the people they enslaved to sign contracts claiming that they owed money and would work to pay the debt. [27] Other enslaved people joined the Texan forces, with some killed while fighting Mexican soldiers. Few battles took place in Texas, which acted as a supply state to the Confederacy. Stephen F. Austin made this clear in 1824: The principal product that will elevate us from poverty is cotton, he wrote, and we cannot do this without the help of slaves. (see BLACKS IN COLONIAL SPANISH TEXAS andANGLO-AMERICAN COLONIZATION). [33], Many churches in Texas accepted enslaved people as members. [10], When the United States purchased Louisiana in 1803, Spain declared that any enslaved person who crossed the Sabine River into Texas would be automatically freed. The Neal family owned a plantation in Louisburg, Franklin County, N.C. Family members who went west all trafficked enslaved people with them and had the cash to buy good farm land. Slaveholders in those areas often moved their enslaved to Texas to avoid having them freed. Dirt floors were common, and beds attached to the walls were the only standard furnishings. A service of the Moody College of Communication at the University of Texas at Austin | Contact us, this week that Democratic presidential candidate, and former Texas Congressman. Included are land grant requests, wills, and testaments, letters of freedom and contracts of the sale of slaves. 1 Introduction. People of color who had been servants for life under Mexican law would become property. This page has been accessed 1,367 times. Samuel King 3 7. Slave owners had broad powers of discipline subject only to constitutional provisions that slaves be treated "with humanity" and that punishment not extend to the taking of life and limb. AAGIG@dallasgenealogy.org, "African American Records: Freedmen's Bureau," "African American Heritage,", African American Online Genealogy Records, George Washington Carver Museum and Genealogy Center, Texas State Historical Association: African Americans, The McGowan Funeral Home Records, 1956-1995, The Southern Migration of the Keeton and Chafer Family, Slavery Statutes - Texas: ca. Advocates are pushing for legislation to help them. The customs officers offered the enslaved people for auction, and Bowie would buy them back. [24], Forty percent of Texas enslaved people lived on plantations along the Gulf Coast and in the East Texas river valleys, where they cultivated cotton, corn, and some sugar. Every dollar helps. The list below is compiled from the 1860 United States Slave Census Schedule. They are informed that they will not be allowed to collect at military posts and that they will not be supported in idleness either there or elsewhere. On the other hand, the legislature created political segregation; it classified free residents with at least 1/8 African heritage (the equivalent to one great-grandparent) as a separate category, and abrogated their citizens' rights, prohibiting them from voting, owning property, testifying against whites in court, or intermarrying with whites. White society as a whole in antebellum Texas was dominated by its slaveholding minority. WebThe Confederate gov ernment required many slave holders to provide slaves to work at military fortifications and other facilities throughout the South. accessed March 05, 2023, Categories: Texas, Slavery | United States of America, Slave Owners. Texans worried constantly that the Mexicans were going to free their slaves or at least cause servile insurrection. As news of emancipation spread across the state, a few owners angrily told their slaves to leave immediately, but most asked the freedmen, as they soon became known, to stay and work for wages. This page has been viewed 87,667 times (5,509 via redirect). Voter's registrations are among the few records which document African American males prior to 1870. This page was last edited on 22 February 2023, at 11:16. The African American Library at the Gregory SchoolHouston's first colored public school, located in historic Freedmen's Town, serves as a resource and repository to preserve, promote and celebrate the rich history and culture of African Americans in Houston, the surrounding region and the African Diaspora. Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell was confronted with similar information about his ancestors this month, but had a different reaction. The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this entry. WebThe 1860 slave schedule was used in the following states: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah Territory and Virginia. Sugar. By 1840 there were 11,323 enslaved people in Texas. Like Georgia, the Texas Democratic Party adopted a whites-only primary. It was a decision that increased tensions with slave-holders among the Anglo-Americans. [11] Anglo-American immigration to the province slowed at this point, with settlers angry about the changing rules. Greg Abbott says if these corporate tax breaks return, renewable energy should be excluded, At these old-school restaurants in Texas, you feel like its an extension of your home, Gulf of Mexico warming at faster rate than global ocean, study finds. It could happen in public spaces with town halls and forums, it could happen in our own homes at our dining room tables and have a conversation about what does it mean to be part of this lineage?. Slave clothing was made of cheap, coarse materials; shoes were stiff and rarely fitted. West Feliciana: 127 slaves. William Mills 20 2. WebThe U.S. census tracked the growth that followed, reporting 207 enslaved people in 1850 who made up 8% of the countys population and 1,074 enslaved people owned by 228 3 Vol. [8] There was intermarriage among blacks, Indians and Europeans. 3" on the balcony of Ashton Villa: The people of Texas are informed that, in accordance with a proclamation from the Executive of the United States, all slaves are free. Slavery was a labor system and although slaves obviously freed their owners from the drudgery of manual labor and daily chores, they were a troublesome property in many ways. [citation needed], In the 1870s, a system of legalized racial segregation and white supremacy was enforced. WebAn 1857 notice advertised the sale of two likely negroesa man named Strut and a woman named Rachel to be held at the courthouse door in Corsicana, Navarro County, Texas, to settle an estate. Jerrett Brown of Sumter, Alabama: 540 slaves. Mario Marcel, "Foundation Myth in Political Thought: The Racial Moorings of Foundation Myth", Dubugue:Kendal Hunt Publishers,2011, This page was last edited on 8 January 2023, at 01:53. In part due to the trade in enslaved people, New Orleans was the fourth largest city in the US in 1840 and one of the wealthiest. 42 (June, 1948): 510, 511-12. [38] Unlike most southern states, Texas did not explicitly ban education of enslaved people, but most slaveholders did not allow the practice. House servants and craftsmen worked long hours, too, but their labor was not so burdensome physically. Brewer, John Mason. You can also look up Charleston Manifests by Slave Owner [table striped="true" Levi Anderson 1 13. Slaves increased their minimal self-determination by taking what they could get from their owners and then pressing for additional latitude. Andrew J. Torget, Seeds of Empire: Cotton, Slavery, and the Transformation of the Texas Borderlands, 1800-1850 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2015). Handbook of Texas Online, Every penny counts! [17] Most of the settlers Austin recruited came from the southern slave-owning portions of the United States. Welcome to Geni, home of the world's largest family tree. Samuel Murray 3 9. The news organization used documents from, to confirm the connection. [43] Later newspaper accounts revealed that most of what was confessed under torture appeared to be false. [11] In 1809, the Commandant General of the Interior Provinces, Nemesio Salcedo, ordered the Texas-Louisiana border to be closed to everyone, regardless of ethnic background. (re: Insurrection Scare in East Texas) "Smith County and Its Neighgors During the Slave Insurrection Panic of 1860," by Donald Eugene Reynolds, PhD (born 1931), Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies, outlawed the importation of enslaved people, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, Supreme Court struck down Section 4(b) of the Voting Rights Act, History of African Americans in Dallas-Ft. Worth, History of African Americans in San Antonio, "Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States", "U.S. appeals court allows Texas to implement voter ID law", "Updated: Texas voter ID law allows gun licenses, not Student ID's", "Someone did not do their due diligence: How an attempt to review Texas' voter rolls turned into a debacle", Texas Terror: the Slave Insurrection Panic of 1860 and the Secession of the Lower South, San Antonio de Bexar: A Community on New Spain's Northern Frontier, Lester G. Bugbee, "Slavery in early Texas", Foreign relations of the Republic of Texas, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_slavery_in_Texas&oldid=1132265581, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020, Articles with failed verification from June 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Slavery in Early Texas. Donald S. Strong, "The Rise of Negro Voting in Texas," American Political Science Review Vol. In 1860, the Methodists claimed 7,541enslaved people among their members in Texas. WebReturn to Slave Manifests main page Click on each Slave name to view information on that voyage. Marie Therese Metoyer. Many former enslaved people fought with the Cherokee against the Texan army that drove the tribe from East Texas in 1838. The supposed "poison" found in enslaved quarters was baby powder. Amid talk of reparations, political figures contend with their slave-owning ancestors. This fact is not a tribute to the benevolence of slavery, but a testimony to the human spirit of the enslaved African Americans. The civil rights movement led to the U.S. Congress and President Lyndon Johnson passing the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which protected the rights of all citizens to integrated public facilities and enforcement of voting rights. The material conditions of slave life in Texas could probably best be described as subsistence, in that most slaves had the food, shelter, and clothing necessary to live and work effectively. Signup today for our free newsletter, Especially Texan. The disturbances were resolved through a combination of arms and political maneuvering. Alwyn Barr. [1] Estevanico accompanied his enslaver Captain Andrs Dorantes de Carranza on the Narvez expedition, which landed at present-day Tampa. Sources Taken from Szucs, Loretto Dennis, "Research in Census Records." Because of their economic success, these planters represented the social ideal for many other Texans. When searching, pay close attention to other individuals with the same surname. Married Elizabeth Towles 1803. For the first time, free persons were listed individually instead of by family. WebLand Records Names & Surnames Slavery & Servitude Claim Listing Sankofagen Wiki run by Karmella Haynes has a list of Arkansas Plantations and Slave Names listed by county, for counties formed prior to 1865. laws in Texas. To Berry, having slave-owning ancestors shouldnt disqualify someone form holding office. WebThe British newspaper The Guardian reported this week that Democratic presidential candidate, and former Texas Congressman Beto ORourke, and his wife Amy, are The white primary was another way to exclude African Americans from making electoral decisions, and it was not overturned by the Supreme Court until 1944 in Smith v. Allwright. The first census in Austin's colony in 1825 showed 443 slaves in a total population of 1,800. The news organization used documents from Ancestry.com to confirm the connection. The following information is included: The records are categorized by county. [2] Estevanico, Dorantes, and Alonso Castillo Maldonado, the only survivors, spent several months living on a barrier island (now believed to be Galveston Island) before making their way in April 1529 to the mainland. Slaves who did not work satisfactorily or otherwise displeased their owners were commonly punished by whipping. Currently, there are only plantations listed for Chicot County, Jefferson County, Ouachita County, and Phillips County. Join Geni to explore your genealogy and family history in the World's Largest Family Tree. This is a mid-level category and should not have individual profiles added to it. Section 107 related to Copyright and Fair Use for Non-Profit educational institutions, which permits the Texas State Historical Association (TSHA), to utilize copyrighted materials to further scholarship, education, and inform the public. Levin R. Marshall, Concordia (2), Louisiana: 248 slaves. IMPORTANT PRIVACY NOTICE & DISCLAIMER: YOU HAVE A RESPONSIBILITY TO USE CAUTION WHEN DISTRIBUTING PRIVATE INFORMATION. [10], In 1823, Mexico forbade the sale or purchase of people, and required that the children of the enslaved be freed when they reached age fourteen. Texas had many runaways and thousands escaped to Mexico. Berry says McConnells refusal to acknowledge his history was interesting. She says the senators family history may have come to light because of his opposition to legislation related to reparations for descendants of enslaved people. They survived with the help of Castillo's faith healing among the Indians. Religion and music were also key elements of slave culture. For example, it subjected them to punishments, such as working on road gangs if convicted of crimes, similar to those of enslaved rather than free men. . The Bureau created a wide variety of records extremely valuable to genealogists. I think [the conversation] happens in a number of spaces, Berry says. In other words, it was an underlying cause of the struggle in 18351836. They fought bitterly against the disruption of their families by sale or migration and at times virtually forced masters to respect family ties. Cotton. WebOne in four families owned slaves. [6] Beginning in the 1740s in the Southwest, when Spanish settlers captured American Indian children, they often had them baptized and "adopted" into the homes of townspeople. They were not, and even the best-treated slaves dreamed of freedom. There was an auction block next to the Menger Hotel and near the Alamo. Dennis. This did not mean that the majority of slaves were content with their status. Truly giant slaveholders such as Robert and D. G. Mills, who owned more than 300 slaves in 1860 (the largest holding in Texas), had plantations in this area, and the population resembled that of the Old South's famed Black Belt. 5.1 Biographies. Slavery in Waco. DAR# A105070 1. %PDF-1.6 % In Texas, like other southern states, the treatment of slaves varied from plantation to plantation, from master to master. On June 19, 1865, Union General Gordon Granger and over 2,000 federal troops arrived at Galveston Island to take possession of the state and enforce the two-year-old Emancipation Proclamation. The whites, however, could hope to improve their lives with their own hard work, while the enslaved people could have no such hope or expectation as, of course, their work belonged by law to their owners and not to them. [20], Many enslaved people who escaped from slaveholders in Texas or in the United States joined various East Texas Indian tribes. [47] The last battle of the war was fought at Palmito Ranch near Brownsville, in 1865. WebWhat percentage of Texas families owned slaves? Almost certainly, however, many came to believe that they would be free if the South lost. Some hid in the bayous for a time, while others lived among the Indians, and a few managed to board ships bound for northern or foreign ports. University of Virginia. Many slaves may have escaped such punishment, but every slave lived with the knowledge that he or she could be whipped at his owner's discretion. FS Library976.4 D2rte Vol 1-3. [56] Those against this decision typically argue that it unfairly targets key Democratic constituencies such as minority groups and the elderly,[57] while proponents argue that the law's intention is to prevent voting by illegal immigrants. WebCategory: Texas, Slave Owners. As Texas was much more distant from the Union Army lines for much of the war, enslaved people were unable to reach them. Although Estevanico was still enslaved, after these events the Spaniards treated him more as an equal. In short, from 1821 to 1836, the national government in Mexico City and the state government of Coahuila and Texas often threatened to restrict or destroy African American servitude, but always allowed settlers in Texas a loophole or an exemption. In 1792 there were 34 blacks and 414 mulattos in Spanish Texas, some of whom were free men and women. Online collections of Freedman's Bank records: The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands was created by the US government in 1865 until 1872 to assist former slaves in the southern United States. In part this limited autonomy was given by the masters, and was taken by slaves in the slave quarters which provided them resilience to assert self-determination within the confine of bondage. The province continued to attract free blacks and escaped enslaved people from the Southern United States. By 1865 there were an estimated 250,000enslaved people in Texas. If I can figure out where an earlier County Coordinator found this I will properly reference it. New Orleans was the center of this trade in the Deep South, but there were slave dealers in Galveston and Houston, too.

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