who owned slaves in mississippi

To be honest, Im unsure of who, and what, I am, and where I fit in, Wayne observed, with visible sadness. 1763 Spanish West Florida was traded to England in 1763. Beulah Many Mississippi slave dealers were affiliated with large firms with offices in New Orleans; Alexandria, Virginia; and other cities. Windsor Plantation, Blackson Plantation The list below is compiled from the 1860 United States Slave Census Schedule. Largest George H. Smith. The Bend: Townes Egypt Despite the laws, slave trading continued, and the law expired in 1845, making the slave trade again legal. Dunleith Plantation: Dahlgren According to historian Steven Deyle, Despite the tendency of both popular culture and most historians to equate the domestic trade with the interregional trade, the overwhelming majority of enslaved people who were sold never passed through the hands of a professional slave trader nor spent a day in a large New Orleans slave depot. In 1817, when Mississippi earned statehood, its population of European and African descent was concentrated in the Natchez District, the core of colonial settlement in the eighteenth century, and almost the entire non-Indian population lived in the [] The Jeffery . Union soldiers, many of them offended by the markets themselves, blocked off Mississippis slave- trading networks from eastern suppliers early in the Civil War. His ancestors, after all, had owned the ancestors of people who would be there, whose own lives had been profoundly affected by that. Clifford Plantation Springfeild Plantation He was born and studied medicine in Pennsylvania, but moved to Natchez District, Mississippi Territory in 1808 and became the wealthiest cotton planter and the second-largest slave owner in the United States with over 2,200 slaves. E.) Agnew Plantation: Agnew Jackson Point: Dunbar, Jackson Woodburn Plantation, Alto: Townes After he moved to the US in 2007, Ross was distressed to read that some Liberian immigrants had enslaved members of indigenous tribes. Everybody got a different version, she said. Craig Plantation: Craig Overton Plantation (south) We are so intertwined in ways we dont even know, and it tends to get lost because its not talked about, so we dont really know whats going on.. (R.T.) Stokes Crawford said the original idea was to draw attention to the house in hopes of finding a buyer to restore it and grant an easement enabling the exploration of the propertys underground antebellum artifacts, a comparatively new field of archaeology. Fair Oaks Plantation: Duncan, Smith Most slave traders bought slaves in the summer and sold them from winter through early spring, when slave owners were planning or beginning new work. '1795-1810 - Cotton replaces tobacco as the main cash crop; demand for slave field workers grows substantially. Denton's Place to crop cultivation. Land and slaves were the foundation of the settlement of Mississippi, the heart of antebellum America's Cotton Kingdom. You never know how people are connected until you sit down and talk., Two schools in Mississippi - lesson in race and inequality in America. Bowling Green Plantation: McGeehee Another consequence of the law was that white fathers were not legally required to manumit or support their bi-racial offspring. Miles places the number of enslaved people held by Cherokees at around 600 at the start of the 19 th century and around 1,500 at the time of westward removal in 1838-9. Fall Back Evangeline Wayne is seated near the center, in a cream-colored coat. This transcription includes 38 slaveholders who held 40 or more slaves in Oktibbeha County, accounting for 2,708 slaves, or 35% of the County total. The oldest named slave was 135 year old Phillis, held in Wilkinson County, MS. Of five 130 year old slaves reported, 3 were named, as were 4 of the 13 reported 125 year olds and 17 of the 26 reported 120 year olds. Adams County, Mississippi, Slave Owners (0, 22, 9) Amite County, Mississippi, Slave Owners (0, 17, 5) Attala County, Mississippi, Slave Owners (0, 5, 0) B Bolivar County, Mississippi, Slave Owners (0, 2, 0) C Calhoun County, Mississippi, Slave Owners Carroll County, Mississippi, Slave Owners (0, 14, 0) He was born and studied medicine in Pennsylvania, but moved to Natchez District, Mississippi Territory in 1808 and became the wealthiest cotton planter and Afrikans worked in the pine forests cutting trees for lumber and turpentine. Dogwood Ridge Plantation) The family's storied military history stretches back to Carroll County, Miss., where McCain's great-great grandfather William Alexander McCain owned a plantation, and later died during the Civil . Mauritania The last country to abolish slavery was Mauritania (1981). In 1790, both Maine and Massachusetts had no slaves. Bates Plantation Though financially stable, Finley did not join the ranks of the largest slave owners in the county. Elder Place Plantation: Humphreys Clarkesville Plantation: Taylor All of which means the options for Prospect Hill are limited. Brandon Hall Belton said one of his ancestors was the mother of the two slaves who escaped, not wanting to leave them behind, where she remained as a cook. South Carolina, while having fewer magnates in this category, had the most mega-slaveholders. For each slave holder, the following information is given: o Number of slaves owned. Midway Glenwood Cabins and bunk houses without windows or floors. Canowa Plantation (at Gaillards Lake): Bluff Springs Baptist Church Cemetery Almost one-third of all Southern families owned slaves. The slavery categories exist to help with tracking the genealogy and family history of pre-Civil War era slaves. In 1810 a notice in a Natchez newspaper advertised twenty likely Virginia born slaves . Stansel Plantation: Stansel But I talked to the old folks, and it changed my whole life. Slave traders had a dubious reputation among slave owners in Mississippi, in part because traders often moved around but alsoand more importantbecause their role in the process made clear the contradictions involved in seeing human beings as property. A sign on scrubland marks one of America's largest slave uprisings. Genweb: General Mississippi genealogical information. into the the Natchez plantation system in the early 1700s by French The 1860 U.S. Census Slave Schedules for Copiah County, Mississippi (NARA microfilm series M653, Roll 597) reportedly includes a total of 7,965 slaves. By 1860, the Five Civilized Nations in the Indian Territory consisted of 18 percent African Americans. Herring Plantation: Herring Virginian Plantation Elgin Plantation: Jenkins Young Plantation, Young and Leatherman Plantation WIKITREE PROTECTS MOST SENSITIVE INFORMATION BUT ONLY TO THE EXTENT STATED IN THE TERMS OF SERVICE AND PRIVACY POLICY. & McLaurin Plantation, Duncansby Lake Bolivar Plantation African American Resources, Canowa Plantation (on the Mississippi River), Morrissiana Plantation (on the Homochillo Magee Plantation About Us | Contact Us | Copyright | Report Inappropriate Material It's easy to compute 400,000 as a percentage of about 28 millio. In the United States, the terms freedmen and freedwomen refer chiefly to former slaves emancipated during and after the American Civil War by the Emancipation Proclamation and the 13th Amendment. Fewell [137] Thomas C. Hindman (1828-1868), American politician and Confederate general. 1732 - French retaliate for the massacre at Fort Rosalie. Corporate Information | Privacy | Terms and Conditions | CCPA Notice at Collection, http://ocean.otr.usm.edu/~aloung/afram.html, Largest were hired to live at and manage the plantations in the country-side. In 1820, Mississippi had 33,000 slaves; forty years later, that number had mushroomed to about 437,000, giving the state the country's largest slave population. After failing for 130 years to ratify the 13th Amendment, which abolished slavery except as punishment for crime, the state of Mississippi finally ratified the Thirteenth Amendment on March 16, 1995. Mississippi Plantations and Slave Names Land Records Names & Surnames Slavery & Servitude Claim Listing Sankofagen Wiki run by Karmella Haynes has a list of Mississippi Plantations and Slave Names listed by county, for counties formed prior to 1865. In fact, in the 1850s a handful of leading slave owners discussed the possibility of reopening the African slave trade. Upon the perfection of the cotton gin (circa 1800), the white planter's took advantage Deer Park Plantation: Feltus Belview (Arthur) Pearman's Plantation: Pearman Anchorage Plantation American slavery was particularly hard on African American families. In Mississippi, 49 percent of families owned slaves, and in South Carolina, 46 percent did. Fried chicken, fried okra, biscuits and gravy, collard greens, catfish and cornbread are mainstays of Mississippi cuisine. Plantation: Hughes This transcription includes 185 slaveholders who held 20 or more slaves in Holmes County, accounting for 7,712 slaves, or 64% of the County total. Most Southerners owned no slaves and most slaves lived in small groups rather than on large . He could barely contain his emotions as he watched the Liberians disembarking from the van. Terrene Elmsley Plantation: Liddell Reveille Plantation Canowa Plantation (on the Mississippi River): Unsure what to say, they simply embraced. Home Helin Silent Shade Loveless Arcola Plantation Homes What does Enterococcus faecalis look like? McCain's ancestors owned slaves The senator's family history includes a Civil War era plantation in Mississippi. of Natchez's rich loess soil and greatly increased their wealth via cotton production. relevant to slave-ancestored This list compiled by Roger Moffat. Their leader, Evangeline Wayne, noted that her ancestors had been taken from Africa during the slave trade. It was a rare opportunity for everyone.. Plantation (north): Griffith the Joseph Knight case, "Professor Says He Has Solved a Mystery Over a Slave's Novel", "This Was a Man: A Biography of General William Whipple", "Select Committee on the Extinction of Slavery Throughout the British Dominions, Report", "LibGuides: African American Studies: Slavery at Princeton", S 1539 Will of Wynfld, circa AD 950 (11th-century copy, BL Cotton Charters viii. Descendants of slave owners, slaves and freed slaves listen to a history of the plantation. Slaves were bound together with chains and forced to walk in groups called coffles. Belton's great-great-great-grandmother chose to remain a slave. 1861 Extermination of Whites Adams-Natchez Co. 1862 Revolt Escape to freedom Jasper County, 1864 Revolt Create Black State Choctaw County. Cliffwood He wondered if he might encounter hostility. Large-scale plantations were rare in the sandy and heavily wooded He became curious about his own background after his family was threatened by fighters from Liberian indigenous groups who were at war with his own ethnic group, freed slave descendants known as Americo-Liberians. (Lemi) Killin Plantation At Prospect Hill in Mississippi, people came from as far as Liberia for an unlikely gathering that led to a scene of visible emotion with a lot to talk about. Click the above map to view large U.S.A. map. New York had the greatest number, with just over 20,000. Which states had the fewest number of slaves? One American woman in African dress asked at the first event how frequently rape occurred on slave plantations. Belton said the reunions had helped him see Prospect Hills history from different vantage points. Waverly Plantation: Scott (The) Forest: Dunbar Thomas & Michell [136] Eufrosina Hinard (born 1777), a free black woman in New Orleans, she owned slaves and leased them to others. The series consists of typed and handwritten transcripts of interviews with ex-slaves from 36 Mississippi counties conducted by employees of the Federal Writers' Project of the Works Progress Administration, as well as essays about former slaves and administrative correspondence. North View MS I didnt expect this, she said, smiling and fighting back tears. 1822 Jackson becomes the capital. Browmers Prissint: Adams Cherry Grove Benton Clover Hill Plantation River Bend Plantation: Pillow 38), Philip D. Morgan, "Interracial Sex in the Chesapeake", "David Levy Yulee: Conflict and Continuity in Social Memory", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_slave_owners&oldid=1142589675, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopdia Britannica, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2023, Articles containing Spanish-language text, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 3 March 2023, at 07:38. ceased to exist as a tribe and were sold into slavery. The chart below shows the number of slaves in all of the states that existed at the start of the Civil War. American Slavery: Slave Owners See: Slave Owners. Flowers' Plantation: Flowers Plantation: Withers Workplaces with unknown titles are listed as the owner's name (itallicized, first name in parenthesis). ", "James Blair: Profile & Legacies Summary", "The first 'blackbirder:' Rebranding for Australian village named after Scottish slave trader", "Harvard Details Its Ties to Slavery and Its Plans for Redress", "John C. Calhoun and Slavery as a 'Positive Good': What He Said", "Girolamo Cassar Architetto maltese del cinquecento", William E. Foley, "Slave Freedom Suits before Dred Scott: The Case of Marie Jean Scypion's Descendants", "Lewis and Clark . 1867 Black Voters Registration List - 1867-1872 Henderson County . "While reading Sidney Blumenthal's book 'All the Powers of Earth . African American Resources: Genealogical info. Beverly Plantation Claudius Ross, a Liberian, visited Prospect Hill in June, when he was interviewed by the documentary film-makers Alison Fast and Chandler Griffin, who have been compiling footage from the reunion events. Bishop Place Beau Pre's genealogy, Anchorage American Slavery: Underground Railroad Senator Stephen A Douglas from the Statehouse along with other known slaveholders. Nelson Plantation: Nelson As described by the National Parks Service, the Mississippi River was a major escape route used by slaves. The US Constitution outlawed the international slave trade nine years before Mississippi became a state, so Mississippians who wanted to buy slaves had to do so from sources inside the United States. In border states, the percentage was lower -- 3 percent in Delaware and 12 percent in Maryland. Fitzhugh Plantation: Fitzhugh Also, read my column this week, http://www.jacksonfreepress.com/news/2015/jul/01/driving-old-dixie-down/">"Driving Old Dixie Down," for many links to historic sources about Mississippi and other Confederate states at the start of the war, including extensive evidence of why the Confederacy formed: in order to have a strong central federal government to force slaves on any new states, and to ensure that it got its runaway slaves back. Abalanche Plantation Chambers, by Donna Ladd, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U3CFD2RRF80, http://www.jacksonfreepress.com/news/2015/jul/01/driving-old-dixie-down/, http://www.civil-war.net/pages/1860_census.html, http://jacksonfreepress.com/users/photos/2015/jul/02/21958/, https://jacksonfreepress.media.clients.ellingtoncms.com/img/photos/2015/07/02/Screen_Shot_2015-07-02_at_3.11.54_PM_t500x380.png?a725e7ca91f2e8806a277b20530bc71c5684c8f0. 1830 The Choctaw give up their land in the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek. Woodstock Plantation (Carter's Point), Atornich Mississippi Cemetery Records. This transcription includes 75 slaveholders who held 40 or more slaves in Carroll County, accounting for 5,073 slaves, or 36% of the County total. Jones Plantation: Jones Categories: Mississippi, Slavery | United States of America, Slave Owners. Pearl Cottage It helped her see more clearly her familys legacy of overcoming adversity, she said. I dont know what I expected, but it wasnt this.. But many of the soldiers' families owned at least one or two slaves. Then he read about Prospect Hill and recognized his familys connection. (Samuel) Scott Plantation: Scott, Hideout By one estimate, 100,000 slaves escaped from bondage in the South between 1810 and 1850. Palmetto Point: McGall, Withers Oakland Plantation (north) The enslavers were able to keep the slaves with a testimony claiming them. (S.M.) Rising Son Plantation: Whittington Cotton Kingdom, 1833-1865. James Birney was born in Kentucky to a prosperous slaveholding family. Distribution of Slaves . Grafton Place Homochitto In this country, we have so much division, black, white and what have you. The crowd at the first event was like our family history, really all mixed up, she said. For example, the number of enslaved people enumerated under a slave owner could indicate whether or not the slave owner had a plantation, and if so, what size it was. Timber Lake Place Malone, Sykes Manuscript Resources on Plantation Society and Economy LSU Library, African American Genealogy Access Genealogy, http://www.ebony.com/life/5-things-to-know-about-blacks-and-native-americans-119#axzz3qTQ3fA00 5 Things to Know About Blacks and Native Americans, Categories: Mississippi | Mississippi, Slavery, WIKITREE HOME | ABOUT | G2G FORUM | HELP | SEARCH. Belfield Plantation In 1845, the state supreme court ruled against Wade, allowing more than 200 slaves to emigrate, while about 50 chose to remain behind, enslaved. ADAMS CO. Anchorage Plantation (north): Griffith Anchorage Plantation (central) Abalanche Plantation Avalange: Harpers Aventine Plantation: Shields (Montrose) Plantation: Metcalfe, Laurel He added: Its also a celebration for me, knowing that I do have a history. Some traveling slave traders liked to do their business in or near taverns. Dorset Grove Senaasha (The) Grove During the first half of the 19th century, Mississippi was the top cotton producer in the United States, and owners of large plantations depended on the labor of black slaves. Blacks have always outnumbered whites here and weren't welcome in the . Crozat never implemented this authorization. Rock Hill Plantation: Dowty http://www.civil-war.net/pages/1860_census.html">http://www.civil-war.net/pages/1860_census.html, https://jacksonfreepress.media.clients.ellingtoncms.com/img/photos/2015/07/02/Screen_Shot_2015-07-02_at_3.11.54_PM_t500x380.png?a725e7ca91f2e8806a277b20530bc71c5684c8f0">From the Civil War Home Page, http://www.civil-war.net/pages/1860_census.html When she told people of her visit, some were disgusted, struggling to understand why she wanted to see all that. Virginia slave trader Isaac Franklin and his nephew, John Armfield, owned the market at the intersection of two major roads near downtown Natchez. Providence Plantation: Veazie Was there slavery in Mississippi? Cliffs Plantation Fairfax Plantation WPA Slave Narratives Slave narratives are stories of surviving slaves told in their own words and ways. Trail Lake Plantation Some obviously incredible ages were reported, the oldest being 150 years for an unnamed slave in Monroe County, MS. Another slave owner descendant, Jim DeLoach, said that when he made plans to attend, he couldnt help but feel a little apprehensive at first. With the arrival of the van, a missing piece fell into place: the passengers were descendants of slaves who had been emancipated from the plantation before the civil war and emigrated to a freed-slave colony in what is now the west African country of Liberia. Crawford echoed that sentiment. At Prospect Hill she found herself being embraced by people shed never met as if she were a long-lost friend. The Chinese quickly realized that they weren't going to make money to send home by working on plantations. This transcription includes 35 slaveholders who held 40 or more slaves in Copiah County, accounting for 2,252 slaves, or 28% of the County total. Many sales and trades of slaves took place in settings smaller than the well-known slave pens of Natchez. Shining Grove Were a powerful political force during the 1850s. Their Zodiac sign is Capricorn. of Ante-Bellum Southern Plantations From the Revolution Through the Civil War. Refuge Plantation York Plantation, Jamison Palo: Townes In 1860 his heirs (his estate) held 1,130 or 1,131 slaves. Of the 15 counties across the South in which 80 percent or more of the people lived in bondage, 12 were found in the Lower Mississippi River Valley between New Orleans and Memphis. Go where you came from. So I was humiliated. More often than not, and contrary to a century and a half of bullwhips-on-tortured-backs propaganda, black and white masters worked and ate alongside their charges; be it in house, field or workshop. (Leslie) Kaiser's Plantation: Kaiser Duckworth Farm: Duckworth Plantation: Davis, (Q.W.) I just knew that Isaac Ross freed his slaves. The official reasons for the ban on slave trading were that Mississippi legislators disliked slave traders reputation for cruelty and dishonesty and feared the growth of huge slave majorities. Palmyra Plantation: Quitman, Turner Watt Plantation: Watt, Abbay Ross moved from South Carolina to what was then the Mississippi territory in 1808, accompanied by a large group of mixed-race slaves who were said to have been a source of discomfort for their former owners. Who owned slaves in Mississippi? Plantation o If deaf and dumb, blind, insane, or idiotic. River): Morrison, Jonte (462,198), Mississippi (436,631), Alabama (435,080), and South Carolina (402,406). Pride Sargossa (E.F.) Lombardy Plantation: Lombardy He never sold any of his slaves and taught them to read and write, which was illegal at the time. 1865 - Robert E. Lee surrenders on April 9. Avalange: Harpers Whitney Plantation More info on where the Leaks and Braddocks lived and their movements can be found in the narratives at my site: George Leakand Stephen Braddock. Nine out of ten enslaved people in Louisiana worked on rural farms and plantations. 1838 Trail of Tears Native people of slaveholding tribes (Creeks, Cherokees, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Seminoles) took their slaves with them on their miserable journey west. 1817 The U.S. Congress makes Mississippi the 20th state. Some Mississippi slave owners imagined themselves as kind, paternalistic figures who would never break up slave families, while slave traders routinely broke up families. After convincing the owner to sell the house and the Archaeological Conservancy to buy it in 2011, Crawford enlisted the help of friends, strangers, descendants, even jail inmates to clear the debris and return the structure to a point where it might at least evoke its epic history. Wilderness, Bourbon What was the main job of slaves? Skidmore Jefferson County today has the highest percentage of black residents 85% of any county in the US and is the fourth poorest, according to the most recent census. If a slave left the plantation for an extended period of time, they were required to have a pass stating the purpose of their trip, where they were going, and how long they would stay. A Black in a Northern state was not a slave well before the civil war. I love to write and share science related Stuff Here on my Website. Then, as she stepped gingerly toward the front door, she saw a patch of brilliant color from the corner of her eye and turned to see a peacock standing in front of a bookcase. Halland Plantation: Halland African slaves were introduced Araca Plantation 1822 planters decided it was too awkward to have free blacks living near slaves and passed a state law forbidding emancipation except by special act of the legislature for each manumission. Due West: Sturtivant Plantation: Baker Doro John Burneside of Ascension, Louisiana: 753 slaves; Saint James: 187 slaves. MISSISSIPPI SLAVE WORKPLACES Listed by County and Workplace Title Followed by Owner (s). (J.O.) Plantation: Duncan, Stronghton, Scott, Dun Manners are typically highly valued in the south, even when they mask underlying divisions. After the Wade family sold the house in the late 1960s, its decline accelerated under a succession of eccentric owners, one of whom lived in the past, heating the house with fireplaces and lighting its rooms with oil lamps while doing little to keep it in repair. Wayne cannot definitively document her connection to Prospect Hill because Liberias national archives were destroyed during the civil wars, though she remembers her grandmother mentioning a Mississippi plantation and a Captain Ross. American Slavery: Slave Records By County See: Slave Records By County. Rosswood Plantation: Ross, Chamberlain Col. Joshua John Ward of Georgetown, South Carolina: 1,130 slaves. As you can see in https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U3CFD2RRF80">this excellent MPB documentary, many Confederates soldiers were just 17 or 18 years old. Corrina Plantation (south) (Mrs.) Hollands Plantation Instead, place individual profiles into the category corresponding to the county of Mississippi where they held enslaved persons. Dreamed of becoming wealthy and were in favor of slavery expansion westward. Mead Villa Plantation - Dennis. Wynne Plantation: Wynn, Asia See the Heritage Exchange Portal for more information on how to document slaves and slave owners. Willow Copse, (Tom) Potter Brothers Inc. Plantation 1868 - Mississippi's first biracial constitutional convention - the "Black and Tan" Convention" - drafts a constitution protecting the rights of freedmen (ex-slaves) and punishing ex-Confederates. (Qualls) Tolliver Plantation: Tolliver, (Jacob) The first major crop that thrived from African slave labor In Liberia, he recalled being told: You dont belong here. Martin-Quiatte: Slaves Found on Selected Estates Concordia Parish: 14 K May, 2004: S.K. Prospect Hill lends itself to complex discussions about race because its tumultuous history is not easily reduced to simple black and white. It led me on this journey of trying to find out exactly who I was. Morre Place (Creeks, Choctaws, and . The narratives contain information such as names of family members and owners, occupations, and other details of . Graduated from ENSAT (national agronomic school of Toulouse) in plant sciences in 2018, I pursued a CIFRE doctorate under contract with SunAgri and INRAE in Avignon between 2019 and 2022. Planting Co.), Barry Place Historians long have said that Stephen Douglas owned slaves, but a Quincy man who wrote two books on political rival of Abraham Lincoln says the will of Douglas' father-in-law proves he did not. Keeler's Place Wildwood Plantation: McLean, Merrill (Money Dogwood Plantation, Berkeley Plantation 1812 Plot Personal Escape Adams-Natchez Co. 1820, 458 former slaves had been freed in the state. You know, What does my name come from? Haiti (then Saint-Domingue) formally declared independence from France in 1804 and became the first sovereign nation in the Western Hemisphere to unconditionally abolish slavery in the modern era. The following information is provided for citations. 1870 . Holly Ridge Plantation: Robinson In 1850, the family owned nine slaves, and ten years later in1860 they owned twelve slaves (Slave Census, 1850, 1860). Egypt Plantation Midway Life Isurance Co. Davis Ancestry.com and our loyal RootsWeb community. Waxhaw Marguerite Plantation: Trotten New Jersey had close to 12,000 slaves. Before 1519, all Africans carried into the Atlantic disembarked at Old World ports, mainly Europe and the offshore Atlantic islands. Vicksburg, Jackson, Aberdeen, Crystal Springs, Woodville, and other towns and cities had smaller and sometimes impermanent slave markets. Lawmakers required slave owners to demonstrate that slaves to be sold had good characterthat is, that they had never participated in a rebellions. Slaveholders of 1860 and African-American Surname Matches from 1870, MS Genweb Corrina Plantation (north) A few slave owners freed some or all of their slaves in the owner's will, but more often ownership of slaves was transferred to the owner's wife or children. Lockdale Plantation: Withers

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