as otters were removed during the hunting years

hasContentIssue false, Copyright Cambridge University Press 2016. Now, what nonsense this is!Footnote It appears to be more about human behaviour than animal suffering. 30 The Humanitarian League was dissolved in 1919, and the main organisation to campaign against otter hunting became the League for the Prohibition of Cruel Sports, founded in 1924. Otter-Hunting, Cruel Sports, August 1939, 58. are not infrequently killed, even in the summer months, and then, of course, the whole litter is destroyed. This desire had different implications for different sorts of people. Henry Salt also argued in the Morning Leader on 31st August 1907, almost two months after the incident, that such scandals as this bludgeoning of a hunted otter and the recent worrying of cats by the master of the Cheriton Otter Hounds were a sign that cruelty in one direction often leads to cruelty in another, and that in such a sport as otter-hunting the line between practice and malpractice is apt to be overlooked.Footnote Hale, Matthew WebThe feeding habits of otters vary greatly depending on species, location, and time of year or season. The following month the four-page leaflet, Otters and Men, was issued at the price of 1d. He saw that miserable little animal was pursued by men with large poles with spikes in their heads, men who would put on a tall hat and go to Church on Sundays, while women disgracing their sex stood by and lent their countenance and encouragement to the brutal proceedings. Holding an extreme and uncompromising policy, it developed more dynamic methods in an attempt to gain both publicity and prohibition. A part of this pamphlet, which included this quotation, was reprinted in Cruel Sports magazine in 1929. After only two months, the pressure on the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals proved too much and in July 1906 Animal World announced that the committee was not prepared to take any action on the motion moved by Stephen Coleridge with regard to otter hunting. What can look more ridiculous than a middle-aged woman, hurrying along, mile after mile, through wet grass and muddy pools, climbing fences and walls, her clothes sticking to her body and her hair half down her back?Footnote Joseph Collinson argued that a deplorable feature of this sport is that its followers include all sorts and conditions of people: ministers of religion with their wives, young men and young women, sometimes even boys and girls. During the 82nd Anniversary Meeting of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals on 21st May, Stephen Coleridge tapped into this public feeling, and unexpectedly proposed that the committee should prepare a bill to make otter hunting illegal. Kean, Hilda, The Smooth Cool Men of Science: The Feminist and Socialist Response to Vivisection, History Workshop Journal (1995), 40:1, 1638 79. The idea of introducing a slaughter limit helps to explain why his case for protecting the otter did not play a part in the rhetoric of the Humanitarian League or the League for the Prohibition of Cruel Sports. 53, To show that this practice was not a thing of the past, Collinson then lifted more recent examples from the May 1906 Animals Friend: An otter, after being worried for four hours, gave birth to two cubs, and was afterwards hunted for two hours more before she was killed. 84. The fact that otter hunting was singled out suggests that Coleridge felt this particular activity was vulnerable enough to be prohibited. Coulson compared the death of the fox with the death of the otter to emphasise the cruelty of the latter. Google Scholar. Even if she is prevented from doing so, she will hang about the place where they are, and perhaps be killed wet when the cubs, too, will perish.Footnote An incredibly vile sport: Campaigns against Otter School of Physical and Geographical Sciences, Keele University, ST5 5BG, UKD.Allen@keele.ac.uk, School of Geography, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UKCharles.Watkins@nottingham.ac.uk, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0956793315000175, The Monarch of the Glen: Landseer in the Highlands, A Delightful Sport with peculiar claims: The Specificities of Otterhunting, 18501939, Our Hunting Fathers: Field Sports in England after 1850, Wild Things: Nature and the Social Imagination, Otters as Symbols in the British Environmental Discourse, Records of the Culmstock Otterhounds, c. 17901957, Tally-Ho: Fifty Years of Sporting Reminiscences, The Smooth Cool Men of Science: The Feminist and Socialist Response to Vivisection, Feathered Women and Persecuted Birds: The Struggle against the Plumage Trade, c. 18601922, Some inhuman wretch: Animal Maiming and the Ambivalent Relationship between Rural Workers and Animals, The Hounds of Spring. Figure 3. In this case, which was brought by the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, the Master of the Cheriton Otter Hounds, Mr Walter Lorraine Bell, and three of its members were found guilty of charges relating to cruelty to cats. The painting was commissioned as a commemorative portrait of his pack of otter hounds by Lord Aberdeen (17841860), then foreign secretary and later to become prime minister. He is astonished that the law of this country still allows this rotten and most bloody exhibition of behaviour and that such repugnant bloodiness survives in a so-called civilised age and country.Footnote Newcastle Daily Journal, 29th May 1914, cited at http://www.henrysalt.co.uk/friends/colonel-coulson. In 1901 Coulson had written that: Some of the clergy revel in it the very men who pose afterwards as the expounders of high morality.Footnote 2956Google Scholar; 336, p. 34. 50 See inside.. Has data issue: false In the Daily Sketch, Mr Harding Matthews, an individual with no declared interest, wrote: Are we to believe that Workington breeds people so utterly spineless as to allow, in public and in broad daylight, the brutal murder of an inoffensive, wild creature? Although this demonstration was by all accounts quiet and orderly, the encounter did produce a rather interesting spectacle. 49 75 Coleridge won the audience at the meeting over to his case. 6 . . 5 Ernest Bell, Cat Worrying, pp. 22. . Douglas Macdonald Hastings, Hunting the Otter, Picture Post, 22nd July 1939, 5256, p. 52. One of the first men of influence to join the Humanitarian League was Colonel William Lisle Blenkinsopp Coulson (18411911). Which of the following Google Scholar. Cruel Sports illustrated this incident with a photograph headed Burning the Truth! According to the League's Report for 1931, the demonstration at Colchester resulted in a local ban being placed on the hounds.Footnote Moreover, otters are not hunted by fishermen, but by people whose notions of fun are to go out and kill something.Footnote Having been allowed bail, the pair's charges were later revised on appeal to a five pound fine, on the understanding that Bell gave a donation of one hundred pounds to the North Devon Infirmary. In recent years, sea otters have expanded into the upper reaches of Glacier Bay including Scidmore Bay, Russell But Bristow-Noble emphasised that we should. Although in the book he admits this was partly due to the animal's nocturnal behaviour, in the shortened leaflet the omission of the introductory paragraph made otter hunting the prime reason for his misfortune. It is quite clear from the applause with which my remarks have been received that the subscribers of the Society do wish to hear me. Although Coleridge's speech was welcomed with loud cheers and rapturous applause, the chairman of the committee was far from impressed by the impromptu inclusion of the subject. On rare occasions women were singled out for criticism during this period: Why the educated, rich, or the uneducated for the matter of that, have nothing better of more edifying to do with their time is beyond one's comprehension. Some of the recurring questions included: Have we reached such a pitch of humaneness in our treatment of wild animals that no further legislation is desired? and What made it more desirable for individuals, rather than Societies, to promote such legislation? These questions got no response from the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and the putative otter hunting bill became for many just another means to criticise its inadequacy and hypocrisy. In The Times on 13th June 1928 Williamson was described as the finest and most intimate living interpreter of the drama of wildlife. 63 Unlike the working men who may have regretted the spontaneous event, sportsmen not only celebrated their own form of killing; they had created organisations that expected it to occur on a regular basis. 75. 78. earlier attempts at concealment were also exposed. 32 Consequently everyone can watch, and most do watch, the end and people collect from far and near and watch in cold blood for minutes together the frantic death-agony of the brave little animal who has never done injury to anyone assembled. Large numbers of sea cows occurred in the Commander Islands at the time of their discovery by Europeans in 1741. 89 men and women,Footnote For such people the laceration of an otter's living flesh is an amusing thing. The Guardian, 9th May 2010. Walter Cheesman and Mildred Cheesman, Diaries of the Crowhurst Otter Hounds, 1904, Unpublished, East Sussex Record Office, Reference AMS5788/3/1, p. 3. He agrees that the otter lives on fish, but so also do herons and wild duck and pike and kingfishers and cats and men and women. Rather than focussing solely on the incident, they redirected their attention to the public's response to it. The first publication solely concerned with exposing the cruelties of otter hunting was Joseph Collinson's 1911 The Hunted Otter, a twenty-four page booklet in Ernest Bell's A. Published online by Cambridge University Press: If anyone interpreted this anecdote with a smidgen of sentimentality, as a narrative of a protective mother rewarded for her heroic conduct with the release of her whelp, the harsher realities of such freedom were instantly put into perspective with a quotation from L. C. R. Cameron: Resentment at disturbance of the normal conditions impels her to leave her couch in which she has laid her cubs; the promptings of the maternal instinct compel her to return forthwith to her offspring. 1. 29. This weekly magazine, first published on 1st October 1938, was a pioneering outlet for British photojournalism. Resting upon his well-notched otter pole and fully clad in hunting attire, he gazes into the distance. Offering close proximity and participatory practices of seeing (gazing) and doing (the stickle), any member of an otter hunt could participate in infamous scenes. Opponents, on the other hand, were offended by this inclusivity. Pring, Geoffrey, Records of the Culmstock Otterhounds, c. 17901957 (Exeter, 1958), p. 35 33. Leeds Women Protest at an Otter Hunt, Cruel Sports, August 1935. The latter is probably more in keeping with the prosaic style of the pamphlet. John Mackenzie points out that Landseer did not decry human participation in the raw cruelty of the natural world. . This pack disbanded in 1919 when he became master of the Hawkstone Otter Hounds. . They were then handed leaflets. The Cheriton Cruelty Case, The Field, 28th October 1905, 768. At its centre an exhausted hunter holds an otter aloft over a pack of baying otterhounds. . 41. Pain, too, like fun, is a word of many meanings and it is not surprising, perhaps, that for many people the two things are synonymous. This is likely to be a ban by local landowners. Another aspect of otter hunting that attracted critical attention was the type of people involved and the behaviour it induced. The National Society for the Abolition of Cruel Sports, which was formed by an individual who had originally been part of those more radical elements, preferred a gradual approach to abolition and identified educating public opinion as its immediate objective. 87 The Humanitarian League's strategy was that whenever an article mentioning otter hunting appeared in a newspaper or magazine, League members would bombard that publication with letters of protest. 69 57. 2017. By placing value on the life of the animal, it was not the act of killing that was condemned, but rather the killers reaction to such an act. WebSea otters were hunted to near extinction during the maritime fur trade of the 1700s and 1800s. . He argued that if the government cared for the preservation of beauty in England, the otter would long ago have been placed on the protected list, and would not have been subjected to the undiscriminating attacks of sportsmen.Footnote 42. of compassion, love, gentleness, and universal benevolence, the Humanitarian League clearly set itself apart from other reform oriented bodies. 60. 59. CrossRefGoogle Scholar. 55. 58. Watkins, Charles, Matless, David and Merchant, Paul, Science, Sport and the Otter, 19451978, in Hoyle, R. W., ed., Our Hunting Fathers: Field Sports in England after 1850 (Lancaster, 2007), pp. The seasonality, setting and pedestrianism of otter hunting appealed to Edwardian sporting and leisure sensibilities. In 1923 he diverted his attention to blood sports. 19 Sir Harry Johnston, British Mammals (1903), p. 140. My object is only to insure that this Institution shall fulfil the great purpose for which it was founded.Footnote 30. 15. Coleridge, Bell and others argued in articles in Animals Friend magazine and The Humanitarian that this reversal was unconstitutional and illogical.Footnote The following year Bell and his followers formed the National Society for the Abolition of Cruel Sports. In addition to this justification, any suggestion of cruelty is light-heartedly dismissed: It is improbable that most of the people who go otter hunting worry much about the humanities or the natural law of the thing. Sydney Barthropp, Master of the Eastern Counties Otter Hounds, died fighting in France in 1914, which led to their disbandment soon after. Added to this, the physical characteristics of the otter meant that the final worry, much like the preceding pursuit, could be more prolonged and more of a spectacle than in hunts of other animals. The sea otter population has rebounded to nearly three thousand individuals of the hunting fraternity. Bell argued that it offered an insightful glimpse into the mind of the sporting man,Footnote The League for the Prohibition of Cruel Sports based itself on the radical elements of the Humanitarian League. To help do this he compares otter hunting with fox hunting. 31 Writing in the Morning Leader, Colonel Coulson described how an otter, which had been hunted for seven hours, was struck and killed by a blow from a metal-shod stick wielded by an otter hunter in a boat. 80 Large hunting efforts were under way with the help of a massive ship in the water. Afterwards everyone who took part in the orgy was probably ashamed of himself. Colonel W. Lisle B. Coulson, The Otter Worry, in Henry Salt, ed., British Blood Sports: Let us go out and kill something (1901), pp. 17 He thought that the aesthetics of otter hunting could be maintained if public opinion or legislation limited the killing of otters to ten per annum in any one county and then it might be possible to keep up a picturesque sport without unduly lessening the number of otters in our rivers.Footnote Ernest Bell noted in the Animals Friend journal soon after the prosecution that it was quite right that the press should express horror at such barbarity but questioned whether the deliberate worrying of otters for amusement was any less cruel or reprehensible than the worrying of cats.Footnote 62. 64. The evidence seems clear enough.Footnote 15, Although this document only had a small readership it proved to be the earliest written condemnation of the sport from an organisation. 38 Otter-hunting is cowardly and unmanly; Otters are hunted by people who should know better; Otter hunting is a relic of barbarism; Otters are hunted in the breeding season which is despicable were just some of the truths blazoned on boards that day. In his view, otters were more visible than fish and therefore their lives were more valuable: the time has come when active steps should be taken to promote the preservation of the otter, a creature far more beautiful, wonderful and obvious than any fish.Footnote 4. British Sporting Art, Bowes Museum, Barnard Castle. President Stephen Coleridge, his successor Lady Cory and several other members did the same. A prime example was when an article appeared in the 22nd July 1905 edition of Madame, a magazine aimed at wealthy women, proudly informing readers about the first lady Master of Otter Hounds, Mrs Mildred Cheesman. . It argued that if it were necessary, otters should be cleanly killed, i.e. something like twelve thousand otters have been killed in England for the purpose of fun. 44 . The candid words of Reverend E. W. L. Davies in his 1886 chapter on The Otter and his Ways helped to reinforce this point: Bitch-otters yielding milk. Coulson, Otter Worrying A Protest, The Humanitarian, August 1908, 601. Alongside this broad criticism, the incident was also used to expose the behaviour of sportsmen in general. By 2016, over 4,000 river otters had been translocated to 23 states. With this in mind Johnston seemed to overlook the behaviour of otter hunters and instead placed blame on anglers: Salmon is produced in such enormous abundance in North America and Norway, and is so very unlikely (owing to its habit of resorting to the sea) to become exterminated in British waters by the otter, that it would be a shame if this remarkable aquatic weasel. 14364Google Scholar; Big game hunter Sir Henry Seton-Karr and otter hunter Mr David Davies, Member of Parliament, were among its sixty-one ordinary members.Footnote 77. In August 1938 the National Society for the Abolition of Cruel Sports gained permission to reprint the chapter in leaflet form. Ernest Bell, The Barnstaple Cat-Worrying Case, The Animals Friend (1906), 43. . Otter hunting presents to him a picturesque scene, with the scarlet-coated, white-breeched men armed with spears, with shaggy hounds, and the landscape set with great marsh marigolds. 25. 82 11. Figure 1. Which of the following observations would provide the strongest With fox hunting, he argued, few perhaps ever see the death, and it is over almost in an instant but, owing to his strength and cat-like tenacity of life, the otter fights long and dies hard. 66. Here he labelled otter hunting as the second cruellest blood sport: With the exception of the hare-hunt men and women possibly never sink so low as they do when they join an Otter-Worry. 5. . Demonstration at a Meet of the Bucks Otter Hounds, Cruel Sports, June 1931. In February 1918 the Representation of the People Act gave all women over the age of thirty the right to vote. . WebThe otters were then protected by the international fur seal treaty, which banned sea otter hunting. Covering the issues which most concerned. Izaak Walton, The Compleat Angler: Or the Contemplative Man's Recreation (1653), Chapter 2. After being chased by the crowd, the female otter took refuge in some brickwork under a bridge. A key criticism was of the voyeurism of watching the otter die. Instead, it focussed on one man, Mr Sidney Varndell. View all Google Scholar citations What humbugs we are!Footnote Coulson thought hare hunting was crueller than otter hunting because the hare was timid defenceless and nervous, whereas the otter was a gallant little animal which died after a long hard-fought battle.Footnote Otters today are faced with habitat loss and food scarcity, apart from killing due to The 1911 pamphlet attempted to shed light on the overall death roll of otter hunting. 76, There is a real sense that women should have had the emotional authority to know better.Footnote Sea otters were locally extinct in British Columbian waters in Canada, until a plane containing a romp of otters arrived and set off a population boom with His argument in the Hunted Otter was driven by quotations from thirty published sources. WebOregons sea otters disappeared in flash of destruction, as one small part of an ocean-spanning fur boom driven by demand for their lush pelts. That year, some conservation measures were established, but unregulated killing resumed in 1867, when the U.S. purchased Alaska. 71. Addressing the issue in Cruel Sports, a member with the pseudonym Wansfell could not see how it was fair to hold the Workington roughs up to obloquy without doing the same to devotees of organised otter hunting. Mr Rose of the Eastern Counties Otter Hounds described the proposed Bill as most unfair and ridiculous and argued that otter hunting was grossly misrepresented: Long spiked poles are never used for the purposes suggested, but for assisting followers across ditches, rivers and fences. 48. 62 65, The League for the Prohibition of Cruel Sports was the first organisation to engage directly with otter hunters at otter hunts and the first ever protest against otter hunting appears to have taken place in 1931. Each of these examples shows how a certain body of evidence, produced by otter hunters to promote their sport, was used by campaigners to argue their case against it. Sea otters were locally extinct in British Columbian waters in Canada, until a plane containing a romp of otters arrived and set off a population boom with unintended consequences. The driving force was Henry Amos, who had worked as a government official and been secretary of the Vegetarian Society from 1913. It is pleasant to read that after such heroic conduct on the part of the poor beast, the hunter's heart softened and the whelp restored.Footnote This indicates that despite the ongoing challenge from the anti-blood-sports movement, in 1939 hunting rhetoric still informed the public's perception of otters and otter hunting. Now, Dr. Estes said, more than 90 percent of those otters are gone. Following its publication, the book received widespread publicity when Williamson was awarded the Hawthornden Prize in June 1928. Sea otter conservation began in the early 20th century, when the sea otter was nearly extinct due to large-scale commercial hunting. The sea otter was once abundant in a wide arc across the North Pacific ocean, from northern Japan to Alaska to Mexico. The hunting and killing of female otters during the breeding season was a recurring theme in anti-hunting literature. The cruelty was not disputed and Bell's defence to the charge showed little remorse. 14 The Guardian reported that the grisly content of the painting was the reason why it was taken off permanent display by its owners the Laing Gallery in Newcastle.Footnote 63. With no sportsmen involved, the incident gained universal condemnation from otter hunters, members of the League for the Prohibition of Cruel Sports and the general public. Mr Collier's Otter Hounds were the last to abandon the spear in 1884, as his field did not care to see so gallant a beast suffer such an end.Footnote Some inhuman wretch: Animal Maiming and the Ambivalent Relationship between Rural Workers and Animals, Rural History, 25 (2014), 13360CrossRefGoogle Scholar. After introducing her pack, the Crowhurst Otter Hounds, the article listed the women who actively enjoyed the sport: Of the invariably large and influential following we may mention Mrs Mantell, Mrs Killogg-Jenkins, and Miss Woodruffe, Mrs Trimmer and Miss and Mrs J. Awbrey.Footnote 70 One of the main reasons Bates spoke out against otter hunting was that he felt that a small minority had reduced his chances of seeing the otter. 3.84. For campaigners, the killing of indefensible cubs and protective mothers was the antithesis of fair play, sportsmanship and manliness. By Zulma Cary. At least 23 million Amazonian animals, including the otters, were hunted for their hides from 1904 to 1969. 68 Alongside the overall decrease of otter hunts and otter hunters was the dramatic reduction of advertised meets and reports in the national and regional press. Hunting is a good excuse for a hard day's exercise. 34. 18. Finally the author of the original article, J. C. Bristow-Noble, responded resentfully that On behalf of some of these daughters of Eve, I have now to state that it is of their opinion that the quarry, as is frequently the case, should always be allowed to escape. Bell was sentenced to one month's imprisonment with hard labour and John Church, the Hunt's Whip, received half that sentence. the killing of baby cubs must needs go on, though a grief and pain to all concerned in their ultimate destruction.Footnote The object of this society was to create a sound public opinion on the destruction of wild animals throughout the British Empire, especially Africa, and establish game reserves.Footnote The League for the Prohibition of Cruel Sports publicised its views in much the same way as the Humanitarian League and from January 1927 they started producing a monthly journal Cruel Sports.Footnote 34 12. Spearing was no longer permitted in the popular modern form. Rivers are then lovely with kingcup and ladysmock, meadows are starred and belled with daisy and cowslip, and, above all, the female otter is in cub. The sea otter population has rebounded to nearly three thousand individuals In the minds of campaigners it not only looked ridiculous, it was unacceptable. 89. The Spirit of Otter-Hunting, Cruel Sports, August 1939, 62. She argued that Otter-hunting is an incredibly vile sport, because it is deliberately carried on in the breeding season and was amazed that a larger number of influential people do not feel it their duty to make active protests against these things. Tichelar, Michael, Putting Animals into Politics: The Labour Party and Hunting in the First Half of the Twentieth Century, Rural History, 17 (2006), 21334, 219CrossRefGoogle Scholar; see also with exception of the three spurious sports of carted-stag hunting, rabbit coursing and shooting pigeons from traps.Footnote 61. The League established a special department to deal with Sports in 1895. confined to otter hunting, they also tried to divide the hunting fraternity by distinguishing the sporting conduct of otter hunters from fox hunters, stag hunters and hare hunters: If the sporting set consider it unsporting to hunt some animals in the breeding season, why does this not apply to otters?Footnote The otter is impaled on a barbed hunting spear and is about to be flung down for the hounds. 7 Recognising that such causes may be dismissed as sickly sentimentality, the League made a point of stressing that their underlying principles were not merely a product of the heart. . He was also a member of the National Society for the Abolition of Cruel Sports and an unwavering opponent of otter hunting. 10 Here we explore the plausibility of this mechanism, using information on sea otters, kelp forests, and the recent extinction of Steller's sea cows from the Commander Islands. } The idea of the fairer sex taking part in manly or savage amusements was regularly invoked to shock the public.Footnote This fun was one of the reasons why it is so difficult for me, and for that matter anybody else, to get a sight of an otter.Footnote young and thoughtful. and provided further evidence of the barbarous spirit engendered by indulgence in blood sports.Footnote Six weeks later, on 9th September, the magazine's editor revealed that many readers had taken umbrage with the article, and invited further correspondence on the subject. In advance of a major test in 1968, the U.S. Atomic Ene Allen, Daniel, Otter (London, 2010)Google Scholar; He also pointed out that Geoffrey Hill of Hawkstone had killed 544 otters between 1870 and 1884, and that William Collier of Culmstock had also accounted for 144 between 1879 and 1884. The underlying motivation for these very specific criticisms is a much broader belief that all living beings feel pain and suffer. Google Scholar. But what matter? 46. This carry on as normal sentiment was initially broadly endorsed, but could not be sustained by all. Otherwise inaccessible wild and watery landscapes could also be explored: in otter hunting, the hounds, the invigorating air of the early morning, and the superb beauty of England's valleys and dales constitute the chief attractions. We can gain an insight into the exact message they were trying to make from the letter which was handed to the master, Sir Maurice Bromley-Wilson, and followers: The Leeds branch of the League for Prohibition of Cruel Sports has organised this protest against otter-hunting to indicate that there is a growing public feeling against this and other so-called sports. 70. . The image in question fronted the issue released on 22nd July 1939. UKWOT has The principles of this League echoed those of its predecessor, that it was iniquitous to inflict suffering, either directly or indirectly, upon sentient animals for the purpose of sport.Footnote 32. Moore-Colyer, R. J., Feathered Women and Persecuted Birds: The Struggle against the Plumage Trade, c. 18601922, Rural History, 11 (2000), 5773 And since I have never seen an otter, except behind the glass of a painted case, who am I to say that the otter does not enjoy the fun of having its belly bloodily ripped? Perhaps surprisingly, despite four decades of campaigns against the sport, the article does not describe otter hunting as something controversial. 1 He had been influenced by Ralph Waldo Emerson and was a keen member of the Vegetarian Society and the Humanitarian League and after 1893 devoted much time and money to administration and fund-raising for three main reform causes: vegetarianism, humanitarianism, and animal welfare. The committee concluded that the promotion of legislation and especially of controversial legislation, is not desirable at present and should instead be undertaken as far as possible by individuals.Footnote 59. By the mid-1960s, Amchitka Island was being used a site for nuclear testing, which eventually killed many sea otters in the area. He followed the Cheriton Otter Hounds from 1924 and subscribed to Records of the Cheriton Otter Hounds produced by William Rogers, Master, in 1925.

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