confucianism population

The followers of the Buddhist religion accounts for 6% of the population. He was educated in Shang-Zhou theology, which he contributed to transmit and reformulate giving centrality to self-cultivation and agency of humans,[3] and the educational power of the self-established individual in assisting others to establish themselves (the principle of irn, "loving others"). The Master replied, "What is necessary to rectify names." Sometimes viewed as a philosophy and sometimes as a religion, Confucianism may be understood as an all-encompassing way of thinking and living that entails ancestor reverence and a profound human-centred religiousness. [115] At the local level, as with Bell, Bai advocates Deweyan participatory democracy. [158] The Dominicans and Franciscans argued that Chinese ancestral worship was a form of idolatry that was contradictory to the tenets of Christianity. Besides the waning Zhou ritual system, what may be defined as "wild" ( y) traditions, or traditions "outside of the official system", developed as attempts to access the will of Tian. They uphold that its modern transformation, as a creative response to the challenge of the West, is a continuation of its classical formulation and its medieval elaboration. The search process identified 833 publications matching the search criteria, and after the review . The Lunyu ( Analects ), the most-revered sacred scripture in the Confucian tradition, was probably compiled by the succeeding generations of Confucius's disciples. The character r in ancient China had diverse meanings. Its influence has also extended to other countries, particularly Korea, Japan, and Vietnam. 551-479 BCE) has been portrayed as a teacher, advisor, editor, philosopher, reformer, and prophet. Become a member. Confucianism. 11th century bce), who was said to have helped consolidate, expand, and refine the feudal ritual system. Bell and Wang favour a system in which officials at the local level are democratically elected and higher-level officials are promoted by peers. . Such efforts effectively expanded the Malthusian limits to population growth in preindustrial China, even in the absence of productivity gains. As a result, this period led to the development of many new philosophies. Referred to variously as the Confucian hypothesis and as a debated component of the more all-encompassing Asian Development Model, there exists among political scientists and economists a theory that Confucianism plays a large latent role in the ostensibly non-Confucian cultures of modern-day East Asia, in the form of the rigorous work ethic it endowed those cultures with. In fact, Confuciuss sense of history was so strong that he saw himself as a conservationist responsible for the continuity of the cultural values and the social norms that had worked so well for the idealized civilization of the Western Zhou dynasty. Confucian ethics is characterised by the promotion of virtues, encompassed by the Five Constants, Wchng () in Chinese, elaborated by Confucian scholars out of the inherited tradition during the Han dynasty. [14], Tin (), a key concept in Chinese thought, refers to the God of Heaven, the northern culmen of the skies and its spinning stars,[36] earthly nature and its laws which come from Heaven, to "Heaven and Earth" (that is, "all things"), and to the awe-inspiring forces beyond human control. This practice is defined as "centring" ( yng or zhng). By 2040, 28.1% of the Chinese population will be over 60, compared to 12.4% in 2010, according to the UN. Confuciuss hero was Zhougong, or the duke of Zhou (fl. [138] Leftists during the Cultural Revolution described Confucius as the representative of the class of slave owners. [88] Kang modeled his ideal "Confucian Church" after European national Christian churches, as a hierarchic and centralised institution, closely bound to the state, with local church branches, devoted to the worship and the spread of the teachings of Confucius. Yuri Pines. Professor Yao says that perhaps most scholars today hold the "pragmatic" view that Confucius and his followers, although they did not intend to create a system of classics, "contributed to their formation".[26]. FOUNDED: c. 1050-256 b.c.e. Xi has expressed hope that China's "traditional cultures" of Confucianism, . [85], Since the 2000s, there has been a growing identification of the Chinese intellectual class with Confucianism. In 7.23 Confucius says that he has no doubt left that the Tin gave him life, and from it he had developed right virtue ( d). [141], Joseph A. Adler points out that "Neo-Confucian writings do not necessarily reflect either the prevailing social practices or the scholars' own attitudes and practices in regard to actual women. They searched for new doctrines to replace Confucian teachings; some of these new ideologies include the "Three Principles of the People" with the establishment of the Republic of China, and then Maoism under the People's Republic of China. [123], Other Confucians have criticized Confucian meritocrats like Bell for their rejection of democracy. Despite its literal meaning, any righteous man willing to improve himself may become a junzi. Competition is often used as a means to advance the status of the clan. This line of thought would have influenced all Chinese individual and collective-political mystical theories and practices thereafter. Traditionally, cultures and countries in the East Asian cultural sphere are strongly influenced by Confucianism, including China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam, as well as various territories settled predominantly by Han Chinese people, such as Singapore and Myanmar's Kokang. [20] In late 2015, many Confucian personalities formally established a national Confucian Church (; ; Kngshnghu) in China to unify the many Confucian congregations and civil society organisations. and the general population during times of peace and times of war. Confucianism is one of the most influential religious philosophies in the history of China, and it has existed for over 2,500 years. This represents 0.09% of the world's population, or slightly less than 1%. The scholar Yao Xinzhong allows that there are good reasons to believe that Confucian classics took shape in the hands of Confucius, but that "nothing can be taken for granted in the matter of the early versions of the classics". [30] This transformation of the self may be extended to the family and society to create a harmonious fiduciary community. In other words, at a minimum, democracy needs Confucian meritocratic checks. Nor was Confucius the founder of Confucianism in the sense that the Buddha was the founder of Buddhism and Jesus Christ the founder of Christianity. [17], Confucianism was not successfully spread by Confucius. ", Volume I: The Ancient Eurasian World and the Celestial Pivot, Volume II: Representations and Identities of High Powers in Neolithic and Bronze China, Volume III: Terrestrial and Celestial Transformations in Zhou and Early-Imperial China, "The Religiousness of "Confucianism" and the Revival of Confucian Religion in China Today", "Kang Youwei: The Martin Luther of Confucianism and His Vision of Confucian Modernity and Nation", "To Inherit the Ancient Teachings of Confucius and Mencius and Establish Modern Confucianism", "The Civil Theology of Confucius' "Tian" Symbol", Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Entry: Confucius, Oriental Philosophy, "Topic:Confucianism", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Confucianism&oldid=1152735062, This page was last edited on 2 May 2023, at 00:15. See full answer below. During the Han dynasty (206BCE 220CE), Confucian approaches edged out the "proto-Taoist" HuangLao as the official ideology, while the emperors mixed both with the realist techniques of Legalism.[4]. This "cult of chastity" accordingly condemned many widows to poverty and loneliness by placing a social stigma on remarriage. ), and one of representatives elected by the people. Some South Koreans believe Confucianism has not contributed to the modernisation of South Korea. [112] This system aligns with what Harvard historian James Hankins calls "virtue politics", or the idea that institutions should be built to select the most competent and virtuous rulersas opposed to institutions concerned first and foremost with limiting the power of rulers.[113]. Although often grouped with the major historical religions, Confucianism differs from them by not being an organized religion. These movements are not a part of mainstream Confucianism, although the boundary between Chinese folk religion and Confucianism can be blurred. In the late Tang, Confucianism developed in response to Buddhism and Taoism and was reformulated as Neo-Confucianism. Li (; ) is a classical Chinese word which finds its most extensive use in Confucian and post-Confucian Chinese philosophy. [76] With the Zhou dynasty, which overthrew the Shang, the name for the supreme godhead became Tian ( "Heaven"). Confucius (551479 BCE) appeared in this period of political decadence and spiritual questioning. In the later dynasties, more emphasis was placed on the virtue of chastity. However, she does present education and literary power as important for women. Definition. According to Stephan Feuchtwang, rites are conceived as "what makes the invisible visible", making possible for humans to cultivate the underlying order of nature. Confucius believed that social disorder often stemmed from failure to perceive, understand, and deal with reality. What the superior man requires is just that in his words there may be nothing incorrect." At the national level, Bai proposes two chambers: one of meritocrats (selected by examination, by examination and promotion, from leaders in certain professional fields, etc. The scholarly tradition envisioned by Confucius can be traced to the sage-kings of antiquity. This idea may be traced back to the ancient shamanic beliefs of the king being the axle between the sky, human beings, and the Earth. "[160] With the latter definition, Confucianism is religious, even if non-theistic, in the sense that it "performs some of the basic psycho-social functions of full-fledged religions. Jiang Qing, by contrast, imagines a tricameral government with one chamber selected by the people (the House of the Commoners ), one chamber composed of Confucian meritocrats selected via examination and gradual promotion (the House of Confucian Tradition ), and one body made up of descendants of Confucius himself (The House of National Essence ). Some of the basic Confucian ethical concepts and practices include rn, y, and l, and zh. [78] Cultures in other parts of the world have also conceived these stars or constellations as symbols of the origin of things, the supreme godhead, divinity and royal power. [6] According to American philosopher Herbert Fingarette's conceptualisation of Confucianism as a philosophical system which regards "the secular as sacred",[7] Confucianism transcends the dichotomy between religion and humanism, considering the ordinary activities of human lifeand especially human relationshipsas a manifestation of the sacred,[8] because they are the expression of humanity's moral nature (xng ), which has a transcendent anchorage in Heaven (Tin ). Zhougong was said to have helped consolidate, expand, and refine the feudal ritual system. They hold the power to define the hierarchy of divinities, by bestowing titles upon mountains, rivers and dead people, acknowledging them as powerful and therefore establishing their cults. What does Tian say?") [79] The supreme godhead was also identified with the dragon, symbol of unlimited power (qi),[74] of the "protean" primordial power which embodies both yin and yang in unity, associated to the constellation Draco which winds around the north ecliptic pole,[72] and slithers between the Little and Big Dipper. Just as Rawls claims that economic inequality is justified so long as it benefits those at the bottom of the socioeconomic ladder, so Bai argues that political inequality is justified so long as it benefits those materially worse off. In accordance with the Master, they identified mental tranquility as the state of Tian, or the One ( Y), which in each individual is the Heaven-bestowed divine power to rule one's own life and the world. L (; ) is a system of ritual norms and propriety that determines how a person should properly act in everyday life in harmony with the law of Heaven. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1963), 159. [40] There are such a number of uses in Chinese thought that it is not possible to give one translation into English. Examples of such xiaoren individuals may range from those who continually indulge in sensual and emotional pleasures all day to the politician who is interested merely in power and fame; neither sincerely aims for the long-term benefit of others. Some critics view Confucianism as definitely pantheistic and nontheistic, in that it is not based on the belief in the supernatural or in a personal god existing separate from the temporal plane. On spirituality, Confucius said to Chi Lu, one of his students: "You are not yet able to serve men, how can you serve spirits? [81] Chinese thinkers, faced with this challenge to legitimacy, diverged in a "Hundred Schools of Thought", each proposing its own theories for the reconstruction of the Zhou moral order. The junzi disciplines himself. While China has always had a diversity of religious beliefs, filial piety has been common to almost all of them; historian Hugh D.R. Similarly, Mencius also said that "when the prince regards his ministers as his hands and feet, his ministers regard their prince as their belly and heart; when he regards them as his dogs and horses, they regard him as another man; when he regards them as the ground or as grass, they regard him as a robber and an enemy. Confucianism is a philosophy developed by Master Kong (known more commonly as Confucius) during China's Zhou Dynasty (1045 - 253 BC). In 771 bce, however, they were forced to move their capital eastward to present-day Luoyang to avoid barbarian attacks from Central Asia. [6] They may be practiced by all the members of a society. Many of Confucianism's followers also are believers in. If the ruler is evil, then the people have the right to overthrow him. [14] Y (; ) is the upholding of righteousness and the moral disposition to do good.

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