holding pattern entry quiz

holding pattern. What is the recommended procedure to enter the holding pattern? If you display the graphic, you will get one point for a correct answer and five penalty points for a wrong answer. Determine the outbound course for the hold. Why Add Half The Gust Factor On Windy Day Landings? Fundamentals of Engineering Economic Analysis, David Besanko, Mark Shanley, Scott Schaefer. Quiz: Can You Answer These 5 Private Pilot Checkride Questions? To ensure proper airspace protection while holding at 5,000 feet in a civil aircraft, what is the maximum indicated airspeed a pilot should use? Which conditions should the pilot expect on the glide slope? What information should be entered in item 15, "Level," for an IFR flight? Become a better pilot.Subscribe to get the latest videos, articles, and quizzes that make you a smarter, safer pilot. Some systems do not store all holding patterns, and may only store patterns associated with missed approaches and hold-in-lieu of procedure turn (HILPT). Should it place the meeting information into a list, set, or dictionary? Coffin Corner And Mach Tuck, Explained: Boldmethod Live, Why Fast Jets Have Swept Wings: Boldmethod Live, How To Plan Your Arrival At An Unfamiliar Airport, 5 Ways To Prepare For Flying Into Busy Airports, 5 Things You Learn In Your First 50 Hours Of Instructing, How Airline Pilots Manage Maximum Landing Weight, 8 Tips For Keeping Your Logbooks Clean, Professional, And Interview-Ready, 6 Questions You Should Be Prepared To Answer During Your CFI Interview. 1) Right hand turns = right thumb. Which displacement from the localizer and glide slope at the 1.9 NM point is indicated? If the flight guidance system's bank angle limit feature is pilot-selectable, a minimum 25 degree bank angle should be selected regardless of altitude unless aircraft operating limitations specify otherwise and the pilot advises ATC, Where a holding distance is published, the turn from the outbound leg begins at the published distance from the holding fix, thus establishing the design turn point required to remain within protected airspace. If the indicated airspeed is not reduced to comply with the maximum holding speed before this point, the computed pattern may exceed the protected airspace. What is the recommended procedure to enter the holding pattern? It's only hard because, especially for the written, the rule has to be specific enough to test, so it's got to be down to the unit of a degree. Practice until choosing holding entries becomes second nature and impress your flight instructor with your skills. When passing through an abrupt wind shear which involves a shift from a tailwind to a headwind, what power management would normally be required to maintain a constant indicated airspeed and ILS glide slope? If you are flying a holding pattern with right-hand turns (a standard pattern) use your right thumb. The pilot has the option to accept or reject all LAHSO clearances regardless of the meteorological conditions. Which displacement from the localizer centerline and glide slope indicates you are high and to the left of the ILS course? Which of the following would apply? Wolfram Demonstrations Project Quiz: Can You Answer These 6 RNAV Approach Questions? Where the fix is associated with an instrument approach and timed approaches are in effect, a procedure turn must not be executed unless the pilot advises ATC, since aircraft holding are expected to proceed inbound on final approach directly from the holding pattern when approach clearance is received, Report to ATC when leaving the holding fix, Advise ATC immediately what increased airspeed is necessary, if any, due to turbulence, icing, etc., or if unable to accomplish any part of the holding procedures. Quiz: What Should You Do When ATC Says '______'? Coffin Corner And Mach Tuck, Explained: Boldmethod Live, Why Fast Jets Have Swept Wings: Boldmethod Live, How To Plan Your Arrival At An Unfamiliar Airport, 5 Ways To Prepare For Flying Into Busy Airports, 5 Things You Learn In Your First 50 Hours Of Instructing, How Airline Pilots Manage Maximum Landing Weight, 8 Tips For Keeping Your Logbooks Clean, Professional, And Interview-Ready, 6 Questions You Should Be Prepared To Answer During Your CFI Interview, Thanks to Bose for making this story possible. Can You Take Off With Another Plane On The Runway? If during an ILS approach in IFR conditions, the approach lights are not visible upon arrival at the DH, the pilot is. When the holding fix is a NAVAID, the reciprocal will be the same as the radial, Determine the aircraft position relative to the holding fix and determine the type of entry orbit (described above) to use. Holding calculator. Explain the three holding pattern entry procedures and what determines each one: parallel, tear drop, direct, based upon entry direction (see graphic). During a precision radar or ILS approach, the rate of descent required to remain on the glide slope will. Fortunately, there are a few techniques to help reduce your workload. HOLD NORTH ON THE THREE SIX ZERO RADIAL, LEFT TURNS" Fly direct to your holding fix, cross the fix, and turn to your outbound course. Wolfram Demonstrations Project & Contributors | Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | RSS During the LOC RWY 35 missed approach at Duncan/Halliburton Field (DUC), what would be the appropriate entry for the holding? The end of the outbound leg of the holding pattern is reached when the ATD reads the specified distance [, Substitution of RNAV computed distance to or from a NAVAID in place of DME distance is permitted when holding. The ICAO four-letter indicator of the destination airport. Corey is an Embraer 175 First Officer for a regional airline. Explain your answer. The manner in which holding is implemented in an RNAV system varies widely between aircraft and RNAV system manufacturers. Get Boldmethod flying tips and videos direct to your inbox. The missed approach point for the DUC RNAV (GPS) RWY 17 (LNAV/VNAV) procedure is. Check out the full series. Subscribe to the Boldmethod email and get real-world flying tips and information direct to your inbox, every week. I made this tool to help me study which entries to use into holding patterns. The middle and far bars of a 3-bar VASI will, constitute a 2-bar VASI for using the upper glidepath. Which information is always given in an abbreviated departure clearance? This may result in a slight difference between RNAV distance readout in reference to the NAVAID and the DME readout, especially at higher altitudes. The following phraseology may be used by an ATC to advise a pilot of the maximum holding airspeed for a holding pattern airspace area: Some aircraft will have timers, but you can also bring a stand-alone, At or below 14,000' MSL, legs are timed to equal 1 minute, Above 14,000' MSL, legs are timed to equal 1 and 1/2 minutes, To remember this rule, remember that no one will make you hold at 14,001' but rather 14,000 or 15,000, most likely. When should you start your speed reduction? The amount of usable fuel on board expressed in time. 710 feet to the right of the localizer centerline and 140 feet above the glide slope. The pilot must request the approach, have at least 1 mile visibility, and be reasonably sure of remaining clear of clouds. Here's how one mistake nearly led to a CFIT accident. What else do you want to learn about holding? Why Add Half The Gust Factor On Windy Day Landings? Holding is a predetermined maneuver that keeps aircraft within a specified airspace while awaiting further clearance from ATC. Let a be an array of l00 integers. See More Nearby Entries . ), then enter a standard pattern on the course on which the aircraft approached the fix and request further clearance as soon as possible, In this event, the altitude/flight level of the aircraft at the clearance limit will be protected so that separation will be provided as required, Start speed reduction when 3 minutes or less from the holding fix. A pilot receives this ATC clearance: Place your thumb on the 3 o'clock (right turns, right thumb) or 9 o'clock (left turns, left thumb) position on the HSI. When such higher speeds become no longer necessary, operate according to the appropriate published holding speed and notify ATC, Using two NAVAIDs intersection procedures, ensure they are tuned and set, toggled and twisted, The primary NAVAID should be tuned into the fix from which the holding radial is off of, The secondary NAVAID should be tuned into the identifying station, When 10 of the intersection, be sure you have switched to the primary NAVAID toggle (be it VOR or TACAN as set up), At the intersection, commence the Ts as with normal holding, Once established, inbound switch the toggle and twist in the radial use to identify the intersection, Continue following the inbound radial on the HSI, This should be accomplished no later than 30 seconds after wings level inbound, In station side holding, inbound to the fix means away from the station. Quiz: Can You Answer These 6 Regulations Questions? He graduated as an aviation major from the University of North Dakota, and he's been flying since he was 16. Which is a prerequisite condition for the performance of a contact approach? The provision of this service depends entirely upon whether controllers believe they are in a position to provide it and does not relieve a pilot of their responsibility to adhere to an accepted ATC clearance, If an aircraft is established in a published holding pattern at an assigned altitude above the published minimum holding altitude and subsequently cleared for the approach, the pilot may descend to the published minimum holding altitude. note the heading that maintains the course inbound, At station passage, note how much time has elapsed on the inbound leg, Determine the difference between the elapsed time and the desired inbound timing, You will use this correction factor for timing on the outbound leg of your correction orbit, Adjust the outbound leg time to achieve a one-minute inbound leg time, Pilots should report to ATC the time and altitude/flight level at which the aircraft reaches the clearance limit and report leaving the clearance limit, In the event of two-way communications failure, pilots are required to comply with 14 CFR Section 91.185, Patterns at the most generally used holding fixes are depicted (charted) on U.S. Government or commercially produced (meeting FAA requirements) Low or High Altitude En Route, Area, Departure Procedure, and STAR Charts, Pilots are expected to hold in the pattern depicted unless specifically advised otherwise by ATC, Holding patterns that protect for a maximum holding airspeed other than the standard may be depicted by an icon, unless otherwise depicted, The icon is a standard holding pattern symbol (racetrack) with the airspeed restriction shown in the center, In other cases, the airspeed restriction will be depicted next to the standard holding pattern symbol, When holding at a fix and instructions are received specifying the time of departure from the fix, the pilot should adjust the aircraft's flight path within the limits of the established holding pattern to leave the fix at the exact time specified. RVR minimums which are specified in the procedure should be converted and applied as ground visibility. HOLD WEST ON THE TWO SEVEN ZERO RADIAL" only if pilot advises ATC and ATC approves. While holding is an IFR task, under certain circumstances. A predetermined geographical position used for an RNAV route or an RNAV instrument approach, A "CRUISE FOUR THOUSAND FEET" clearance would mean that the pilot is authorized to. Fly for 1 minute, then turn toward the protected side to intercept the inbound course (more than a 180 degree turn). This gives both standard and left-handed hold entry questions.Yes the terminology might not be exactly what you'd hear in the real world; I'm trying to paint a picture for the quiz-taker in as few words as possible, so the user doesn't have to scroll or squint at the screen.This app has a buzzer (short . Merriam Webster. Practicing Aircraft Holding Pattern Entries show graphc yes no radial: 32 course: 253 left turns parallel teardrop direct correct: 0.00 wrong: 0.00 percent correct: 0/0 g the course of the arcraft, the rada specfed to hod on, and whether or not a eft turn s nstructed by ar traffc contro (ATC). Hitting the Show Entry button will add the entry type to the text below the clearance, as well as the time since the applet was loaded or the last clearance was requested. http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/PracticingAircraftHoldingPatternEntries/ To advise of changes in flight data which affect instrument approach procedures (IAP), aeronautical charts, and flight restrictions prior to normal publication. Where a holding pattern is specified in lieu of a procedure turn, the holding maneuver must be executed within. the 1-minute time limitation or DME distance as specified in the profile view. What conditions are necessary before ATC can authorize a visual approach? In a standard holding pattern with no winds, the aircraft follows the specified course inbound to the holding fix, turns 180 to the right, flies a parallel straight course outbound for 1 minute, turns 180 to the . While the holding pattern design allows a 5 degree tolerance, this may result in an unexpected entry when the winds induce a large drift angle, The holding protected airspace is based on the assumption that the aircraft will fly-over the holding fix upon initial entry. The pilot must advise ATC as soon as possible, but no later than 30 minutes, of their intentions if not off by the void time. Take the quiz. "CLEARED TO THE ABC VORTAC. Which illustration would a pilot observe if the aircraft is below both glidepaths? "Practicing Aircraft Holding Pattern Entries" "HOLD WEST OF THE ONE FIVE DME FIX ON THE ZERO NINE ZERO RADIAL OF ABC VORTAC, FIVE MILE LEGS, LEFT TURNS" Consider a program that manages a schedule of classes. Which approach and landing objective is assured when the pilot remains on the proper glidepath of the VASI? When is radar service terminated during a visual approach? If the pilot loses visual reference while circling to land from an instrument approach and ATC radar service is not available, the missed approach action should be to. "HOLD WEST OF THE ONE FIVE DME FIX ON THE ZERO NINE ZERO RADIAL OF THE ABC VORTAC, FIVE MILE LEGS, LEFT TURNS". -Direct is the Most Basic type of Holding Pattern Entry-Upon Crossing Fix, Turn to Outbound Heading-Begin Timing When Abeam Fix--Or Wings Level if Unable to determine Abeam Point Flying the Parallel Entry -Upon Crossing Fix, Fly Outbound Heading, Opposite the Inbound Leg -When Wings Level, Time for 1 minute -Turn Towards Protected Side . Preventive Maintenance: Here's What You Can Fix On Your Plane, Why You Shouldn't Fly With A Dirty Windshield. clear of clouds and at least 1 SM flight visibility. Many RNAV systems limit the database coding at a particular fix to a single holding pattern definition. Air Traffic Control may put aircraft in a hold for weather conditions, an airport closure for snow removal or emergencies, or to ease traffic congestion. For example, coding will determine whether holding is conducted to manual termination (HM), continued holding until the aircraft reaches a specified altitude (HA), or holding is conducted until the holding fix is crossed the first time after entry (HF). Holds is one of those simple things we unfortunately over-complicate. As soon as possible after the runway or runway environment is in sight. note mels. Powered by WOLFRAM TECHNOLOGIES (See FIG 5-3-9.) "CLEARED TO THE ABC VORTAC. . 2) fly this heading for about one minute and turn in the direction of the hold to intercept the holding course to the fix. 3) ATC clears: "Saratoga Two Three Eight, hold Southwest of the Goodland VORTAC on the 230 radial, expect further clearance at 1515 zulu." 5 Rules-of-Thumb You Can Use On Your Next Flight. Get started for free! Quiz: These 6 Aerodynamic Designs Are For Quiz: Do You Know These 5 IFR Aircraft Requirements? "HOLD WEST OF THE ONE FIVE DME FIX ON THE TWO SIX EIGHT RADIAL OF THE ABC VORTAC, FIVE MILE LEGS, LEFT TURNS". By the time you've figured out what's going on, you've already passed the holding fix and don't know what to do next. Features Entry Trainer - Drills you on choosing the best holding entry. If more than one cruising altitude is intended, what information should be entered in item 15, "Level," of the flight plan? You will be using the TAIL of the needle to fly inbound, Similar to using two NAVAIDs however, in this case, you will be using a single receiver to monitor both the primary and secondary NAVAIDs, 3 to 5 minutes prior to reaching the holding intersection, ensure the secondary NAVAID is tuned and identified to check your position, Keep the volume low and constantly IDing to save time in the pattern, When timing outbound, tune and ID the primary NAVAID and toggle/twist the inbound course, At the completion of outbound timing, turn in and no later than 30 seconds after rolling wings level, Tune, ID, toggle, and twist the secondary NAVAID to identify the intersection, Corrections will be done using the TACAN holding procedures, using a correction factor; however, due to airspeed, possibly changing the length of legs, be conservative, Whenever aircraft are holding at an outer fix, ATC will usually provide radar surveillance of the outer fix holding pattern airspace area, or any portion of it, if it is shown on the controller's radar scope, The controller will attempt to detect any holding aircraft that stray outside the holding pattern airspace area and will assist any detected aircraft to return to the assigned airspace area, Many factors could prevent ATC from providing this additional service, such as workload, number of targets, precipitation, ground clutter, and radar system capability. with the correct speed and on glide path before descending below 1,268 feet MSL. "Practicing Aircraft Holding Pattern Entries", http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/PracticingAircraftHoldingPatternEntries/, Boole Differential Equation with Continued Fractions, Practicing Aircraft Holding Pattern Entries, Incomplete Gamma Function with Continued Fractions, Natural Logarithm Approximated by Continued Fractions, Approximating Pi with Continued Fractions, Normal Distribution with Continued Fractions, Riccati Differential Equation with Continued Fractions, Approximating the Logarithm of Any Base with Continued Fractions, Approximating the Riemann Zeta Function with Continued Fractions. Timing the holding pattern. Draw the holding pattern (right or left hand turns and leg length) Draw a rough location of your airplane relative to the fix (GPS helps a ton with this but learn to do it with just a CDI) The entry method will be the method that requires the smallest turn after crossing the fix. When more than one circuit of the holding pattern is needed to lose altitude or become better established on course, the additional circuits can be made. In addition, the dimensions of holding pattern protected airspace vary with altitude for a charted holding pattern, even when the hold is used for the same application. The service provides to you data about app markets: This is for aviation students and pilots alike; test your "holding pattern entry" skills. Landing In Turbulence: How To Make Smooth Touchdown, Dihedral: Why Your Wings Have An Upward Angle, How To Make A Perfect Short Field Takeoff. You receive this ATC clearance: the ceiling is more than 5,000 feet and visibility is 5 miles or more. While being vectored, if crossing the ILS final approach course becomes imminent and an approach clearance has not been issued, what action should be taken by the pilot? Learn a new word every . There's an easy way to make sure you get your holding pattern entry right every time. HOLD WEST ON THE TWO SEVEN ZERO RADIAL" I'm studying for my instrument rating. Use of a shallower bank angle will expand both the width and length of the aircraft track, especially as wind speed increases. How Pitot-Static Failures Affect Your Indicated Airspeed And Altitude, How To Go Missed From A Circling Approach, High On Final? Copyright 2002-2023 All rights reserved. What is the significance of an ATC clearance which reads "CRUISE SIX THOUSAND"? What information should be entered in item 16, "Destination Aerodrome," for an IFR flight with an intended stopover of 30 minutes? If the RVR equipment is inoperative for an IAP that requires a visibility of 2,400 RVR, how should the pilot expect the visibility requirement to be reported in lieu of the published RVR? Safe obstruction clearance in the approach area. Automatically when ATC instructs the pilot to contact the tower. "CLEARED TO THE ABC VORTAC. But first, let's review the three types of hold entries to set you up for the perfect holding pattern. (AIM 5-3-12). How does a pilot determine if DME is available on an ILS/LOC? There are differences between the holding entry and flight track assumed in conventional holding pattern design and the entry and track that may be flown when RNAV guidance is used to execute holding. "HOLD EAST OF THE ABC VORTAC ON THE ZERO NINER ZERO RADIAL, LEFT TURNS" Which holding pattern correctly complies with the ATC clearance below, and what is the recommended entry procedure? Which clearance items are always given in an abbreviated IFR departure clearance? Interact on desktop, mobile and cloud with the free WolframPlayer or other Wolfram Language products. How Pitot-Static Failures Affect Your Indicated Airspeed And Altitude, How To Go Missed From A Circling Approach, High On Final? There is a 1/8 probability of a left turn being chosen. Still looking for something? Is the following scenario familiar? (see graphic example below). Even instrument-rated pilots occasionally have the same problem when they don't get enough practice. Find the directional derivative of f at P in the direction of a. f=exsiny,P:(2,12,0),a=[2,3,0]f=e^x \sin y, P:\left(2, \frac{1}{2} \pi, 0\right), \mathbf{a}=[2,3,0]f=exsiny,P:(2,21,0),a=[2,3,0], What is the hybridization of the central N\mathrm{N}N atom in the azide ion (N3)\left(\mathrm{N}_3^{-}\right)(N3)? Question: Click the arrows to rotate the OBS to your correct inbound track in the hold. You arrive at the 15 DME fix on a heading of 350. | Privacy Policy | Terms of Service | Sitemap | Patreon | Contact, Hold east of the Ormond VORTAC on the 090 radial, left turns, maintain 5,000,' expect further clearance 0+50, specified airspace that is reasonably protected, federal aviation regulation 91.159 (VFR cruising altitude), http://www.lunabase.org/~faber/Vault/software/hold_quiz/, Aeronautical Information Manual (4-4-3) Clearance Items, Aeronautical Information Manual (5-3-7) Minimum Turning Altitude (MTA), Aeronautical Information Manual (5-3-8) Holding, Aeronautical Information Manual (5-4-9) Procedure Turn and Hold-in-lieu of Procedure Turn, Federal Aviation Administration - Airman Certification Standards, Federal Aviation Administration - Pilot/Controller Glossary, As the name suggests, holding is the act of delaying an aircraft from proceeding on course, Holding can be accomplished at a Navigational Aid (NAVAID), a fix, or an intersection, dictating how pilots execute their, Practice holding procedures is critical as this can be a perishable skill. The meaning of HOLDING PATTERN is the usually oval course flown (as over an airport) by aircraft awaiting clearance especially to land. Timing for the outbound leg begins over or abeam the VOR, whichever occurs later. If an early missed approach is initiated before reaching the MAP, the following procedure should be used unless otherwise cleared by ATC. 2) Outbound course is 284 degrees. Pilots extracting the holding pattern from the navigation database are responsible for confirming that the holding pattern conforms to the assigned charted holding pattern in terms of turn direction, speed limit, timing, and distance, If ATC assigns holding that is not charted, then the pilot is responsible for programming the RNAV system with the assigned holding course, turn direction, speed limit, leg length, or leg time, Changes made after the initial execution may not apply until the next circuit of the holding pattern if the aircraft is in close proximity to the holding fix, Treat intersection holding as if it were a VOR, The NAVAID and radial from that NAVAID upon which the holding pattern is oriented, The NAVAID and radial from that NAVAID which defines the holding fix (intersection) on the primary radial, When flying a point-to-point to an intersection you will likely hit one radial before the other; just keep the same holding entry procedures in mind and apply them here, When holding at a VOR station, the reciprocal of the holding course is ALWAYS the same as the radial, At an intersection, however, this will only be true when the holding pattern is oriented so that the inbound leg is toward the station, When that fix is an intersection, the inbound holding course could possibly be away from the station, Request a few turns in holding when you want practice, If you request 1 turn in holding, your entry doesn't count, In other words when you enter holding at first and initially pass the fix (even if a direct entry), then that orbit doesn't count, 1 full round in the pattern is the 1 you requested, Reverse sensing is a conditions where the navigation instrument indicates the inverse of what it should, Usually it is just an ATC instruction to remain clear of a particular area or airspace, or to circle a known point, Sometimes it is a little more in-depth and part of local traffic flow such as for an event; for example, Oshkosh, Whenever an aircraft is cleared to a fix other than the destination airport and delay is expected, it is the responsibility of ATC to issue complete holding instructions (unless the pattern is charted), an EFC time and best estimate of any additional en route/terminal delay, Only those holding patterns depicted on U.S. government or commercially produced (meeting FAA requirements) low/high altitude en route, and area or STAR charts should be used, If the holding pattern is charted and the controller doesn't issue complete holding instructions, the pilot is expected to hold as depicted on the appropriate chart, When the pattern is charted on the assigned procedure or route being flown, ATC may omit all holding instructions except the charted holding direction and the statement AS PUBLISHED; for example, HOLD EAST AS PUBLISHED, ATC must always issue complete holding instructions when pilots request them, If no holding pattern is charted and holding instructions have not been issued, the pilot should ask ATC for holding instructions prior to reaching the fix, This procedure will eliminate the possibility of an aircraft entering a holding pattern other than that desired by ATC, If unable to obtain holding instructions prior to reaching the fix (due to frequency congestion, stuck microphone, etc. Check out the example parallel entry drawn out on ForeFlight below: Want a deep dive on holding entries? (The arrangement of atoms is NNN\mathrm{NNN}NNN.). You will never be violate due to a statement in AIM's. Many report holding pattern entry as a matter of habit. Teardrop entry: 1) after you cross the fix, turn outbound about 30 away from the holding course. The 1.5-minute leg comes to play at 15k 10% RULE: 15 = 1.5 minutes, Timing inbound is measured from the point that the aircraft is wings level, inbound to the holding fix, to the time the aircraft crosses the holding fix, Outbound time is adjusted to achieve the correct inbound timing, Outbound leg timing begins over/abeam the fix, whichever occurs later, If the abeam position cannot be determined, start timing when the turn outbound is completed, Abeam is when the needle drops below the 90 benchmark in the HSI, not the TO/FROM flip, The initial outbound leg should be flown for 1 minute or 1 1/2 minutes (appropriate to altitude), Pilots may use any navigational means available; i.e., DME, RNAV, etc., to ensure the appropriate inbound leg times, Timing is generally associated with VOR holding, but some TACAN holds may require timing if no specified DME in the holding clearance, Holding protected airspace is designed based in part on pilot compliance with the three recommended holding pattern entry procedures, Deviations from these recommendations, coupled with excessive airspeed crossing the holding fix, may in some cases result in the aircraft exceeding holding protected airspace, Holding consists of several orbits in an oval-shaped pattern, The entry orbit establishes the aircraft into the holding pattern, When approaching the holding fix from anywhere in sector (c), the direct entry procedure would be to fly directly to the fix and turn to follow the holding pattern [, When approaching the holding fix from anywhere in sector (a), the parallel entry procedure would be to turn to a heading to parallel the holding course outbound on the non-holding side for one minute, turn in the direction of the holding pattern through more than 180 degrees, and return to the holding fix or intercept the holding course inbound [, Right turns: first turn left, then left, and finally right, Left turns: first turn right, then right, and finally left, When approaching the holding fix from anywhere in sector (b), the teardrop entry procedure would be to fly to the fix, turn outbound to a heading for a 30-degree teardrop entry within the pattern (on the holding side) for one minute, then turn in the direction of the holding pattern to intercept the inbound holding course [, Remember Left Add Right Subtract, or LARS for short, While other entry procedures may enable the aircraft to enter the holding pattern and remain within protected airspace, the parallel, teardrop, and direct entries are the procedures for entry and holding recommended by the FAA, derived as part of the development of the size and shape of the obstacle protection areas for holding, The no wind orbit begins the second time the aircraft crosses the station or fix, allowing the pilot to determine the initial corrections required for existing winds, As the name suggests, this orbit is flown as if there were no-wind for which to compensate, If this were true, you would (1) roll out of your inbound turn on the holding course and (2) inbound timing to the holding fix, if required, would equal the amount of time outbound, Pilots must execute the no-wind orbit as precisely as possible to identify initial corrections, The third and subsequent orbits in holding are called correction orbits, Correction orbits apply the correction factors determined on the previous orbit to the outbound leg of the holding pattern, Adjust the heading by the correction factor determined on the no-wind orbit, Confirm EFC 5 minutes before it is reached, Compensate for wind effect primarily by drift correction on the inbound and outbound legs, When outbound, triple the inbound drift correction to avoid major turning adjustments; e.g., if correcting left by 8 degrees when inbound, correct right by 24 degrees when outbound, Apply full correction outbound (if off 10, apply 10), Use full correction into the wind on the outbound leg, Use half correction into the wind on the inbound leg, DME of longest leg X degrees off = correction factor you will use, Air Traffic Control clearances will come with a clearance limit, be in the airport (no delay expected), or a NAVAID (delay expected), When no delay is expected, the controller should.

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