how does rational choice theory explain green collar crimes

A global symposium forDevelopment Finance Institutions (DFIs)was successfully held andattended bymore than 500 participants. [139][140][141] Previously there were fears that extremist militants activities in the Muslim areas of the southern Philippines[citation needed] and southern Thailand[142] would spill over into Malaysia. [29] It is only thought to have developed into an ethnonym as Malacca became a regional power in the 15th century. The Netherlands ambassador to Malaysia, Jacques Werner, said Malaysia is a country that has . [163] The temperature is moderated by the presence of the surrounding oceans. Since gaining independence in 1957, Malaysia has successfully diversified its economy from one that was initially agriculture and commodity-based, to one that now plays host to robust manufacturing and service sectors,whichhave propelledthe countryto become a leading exporter of electrical appliances, parts,and components. [196][197] However, economic inequalities exist between different ethnic groups. Much of it has been eroded, creating a karst landscape. Malaysia has an average population density of 96 people per km2, ranking it 116th in the world for population density. The country achieved independence on 31 August 1957. The government discourages the use of non-standard Malay but has no power to issue compounds or fines to those who use what is perceived as improper Malay on their advertisements. [161] Statistics from the 2010 Census indicate that 83.6% of the Chinese population identify as Buddhist, with significant numbers of adherents following Taoism (3.4%) and Christianity (11.1%), along with small Muslim populations in areas like Penang. [99] Except for state elections in Sarawak, by convention state elections are held concurrently with the federal election.[73]. Iban is the main tribal language in Sarawak while Dusunic and Kadazan languages are spoken by the natives in Sabah. In addition to this, the Dayak community in Sarawak celebrate a harvest festival known as Gawai,[326] and the Kadazandusun community celebrate Kaamatan. [265][266][267] Historically, English was the de facto administrative language; Malay became predominant after the 1969 race riots (13 May incident). [58][59], Federation brought heightened tensions including a conflict with Indonesia as well as continual conflicts against the Communists in Borneo and the Malayan Peninsula, which escalated to the Sarawak Communist Insurgency and Second Malayan Emergency together with several other issues such as the cross-border attacks into North Borneo by Moro pirates from the southern islands of the Philippines, Singapore being expelled from the Federation in 1965,[60][61] and racial strife. Countries which score between 1.000 and 0.800 are classified as developed. [288] Smoking is also considered a major health issue across the country. Opposition leader Anwar Ibrahim's Pakatan Harapan (PH) coalition won 82 seats and former Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin's Perikatan Nasional (PN) gained 73 seats. [256], The official and national language of Malaysia is Malaysian Malay,[157] a standardised form of the Malay language. Because of this, Malaysia began to increase its border security. [308] This means that although much of Malaysian food can be traced back to a certain culture, they have their own identity. The other four states, which have titular Governors, do not participate in the selection. [179] Illegal fishing is another major threat,[179] with fishing methods such as dynamite fishing and poisoning depleting marine ecosystems. They play a dominant role politically. The bicameral federal parliament consists of the lower house, the House of Representatives and the upper house, the Senate. The Cabinet is chosen from members of both houses of Parliament. [149][150] The illegality of homosexuality in Malaysia has also been the forefront of Anwar Ibrahim's sodomy trials, which Anwar has responded to it being politically motivated, a response supported by the United Nations' (UN) Working Group on Arbitrary Detention along with Amnesty International and the Human Rights Watch. [287] Transport accidents are considered a major health hazard, as Malaysia, relative to its population, has one of the highest traffic fatality rates in the world. [31][32] Following the expedition of French navigator Jules Dumont d'Urville to Oceania in 1826, he later proposed the terms of Malaysia, Micronesia and Melanesia to the Socit de Gographie in 1831, distinguishing these Pacific cultures and island groups from the existing term Polynesia. The 12th Malaysia Plan will set out our agenda for the next five years. During this time, ethnic tensions were raised and nationalism grew. [331] The Squash Racquets Association Of Malaysia was created on 25 June 1972. [23][24][25][26][27] Other notable accounts are by the 2nd-century Ptolemy's Geographia that used the name Malayu Kulon for the west coast of Golden Chersonese, and the 7th-century Yijing's account of Malayu. [151][152][153], The death penalty is in use for serious crimes such as murder, terrorism, drug trafficking, and kidnapping,[154][155] but in June 2022, Malaysian law minister Wan Junaidi pledged to abolish the capital punishment and replace it with other punishments at the discretion of the court. [212] Malaysia was ranked 36th in the Global Innovation Index in 2021, and 32nd in the Global Competitiveness Report in 2022. [161] Humidity is usually high, and the average annual rainfall is 250cm (98in). [199] Chinese businesses in Malaysia are part of the larger bamboo network, a network of overseas Chinese businesses in the Southeast Asian market sharing common family and cultural ties. [186] Most remaining forest is found inside reserves and national parks. [323] Other notable national holidays are Labour Day (1 May) and the King's birthday (first week of June). . [96] These are divided between two regions, with 11 states and two federal territories on Peninsular Malaysia and the other two states and one federal territory in East Malaysia. [174] Bordering East Malaysia, the Sulu Sea is a biodiversity hotspot, with around 600 coral species and 1200 fish species. Progress towards the threshold has been slowed by the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the country has the opportunity to undertake bold reforms to sustain future growth and to ensure that the proceeds of growth benefit all segments of the population. [319] The government has previously tried to crack down on opposition papers before elections. Peninsular-based media gives low priority to news from the East, and often treats the eastern states as colonies of the Peninsula. Data and research help us understand these challenges and set priorities, share knowledge of what works, and measure progress. In 1960, when the first official census was recorded in Malaysia, the population was 8.11million. [161] The range is the origin of some of Peninsular Malaysia's river systems. [166] There are about 150 species of frogs,[166] and thousands of insect species. ", "Malaysia crowns Sultan Abdullah as 16th King", "Dewan Rakyat passes Bill to amend Federal Constitution to lower voting age to 18", "Ismail Sabri sworn in as Malaysia's ninth Prime Minister", "Malaysia's Ismail Sabri Yaakob sworn in as new PM", "Once Muslim, Now Christian and Caught in the Courts", "Kelantan's passing of hudud amendments void", "BN won't declare hudud support, but individual members can, chief whip says", "Democracy Index 2019 A year of democratic setbacks and popular protest", "Malaysia: Back to harassment, intimidation and censorship | Reporters without borders", "Malaysia considers amending human trafficking law after U.S. report", "1MDB: The inside story of the world's biggest financial scandal", "1MDB: The playboys, PMs and partygoers around a global financial scandal", "The bizarre story of 1MDB, the Goldman Sachs-backed Malaysian fund that turned into one of the biggest scandals in financial history", "Understanding the Federation of Malaysia", "Federal Territories and State Governments", "Malaysia's government procurement regime", "Introduction to local government in Malaysia", "Decentralisation or recentralisation? [184] Tourism has been limited in biodiverse areas such as Sipadan island. [124][125] Brunei and Malaysia in 2009 announced an end to claims of each other's land, and committed to resolve issues related to their maritime borders. [327] Despite most festivals being identified with a particular ethnic or religious group, celebrations are universal. The head of state is an elected monarch, chosen from among the nine state sultans every five years. [49] The remaining five states on the peninsula, known as the Unfederated Malay States, while not directly under British rule, also accepted British advisers around the turn of the 20th century. [51] In 1842, Sarawak was ceded by the Sultan of Brunei to James Brooke, whose successors ruled as the White Rajahs over an independent kingdom until 1946, when it became a crown colony. [169] The local climate is equatorial and characterised by the annual southwest (April to October) and northeast (October to February) monsoons. A developed country, or high-income country, is a sovereign state that has a high quality of life, developed economy, and advanced technological infrastructure relative to other less industrialized nations. [64] The 1MDB scandal was a major global corruption scandal that implicated then-Prime Minister Najib Razak in 2015. [100] The federal constitution puts local authorities outside of the federal territories under the exclusive jurisdictions of the state government,[101] although in practice the federal government has intervened in the affairs of state local governments. The country is multiethnic and multicultural, which has a significant effect on its politics. It is mainly in the South China Sea. [157] Due to the rise in labour-intensive industries,[244] the country is estimated to have over 3million migrant workers; about 10 per cent of the population. [245] Sabah-based NGOs estimate that out of the 3million that make up the population of Sabah, 2million are illegal immigrants. A total of 28 national parks have been established, 23 in East Malaysia and five in the Peninsula. [47] A former British colony, it is also a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. The economy shifted from being agriculturally based to one based on manufacturing and industry. [284] In 2020, the country's crude birth rate was 16 per 1000 people, and the crude death rate was 5 per 1000 people. [210] Its international tourism receipts in 2019 amounted to $19.8 billion. [180], Nearly 4,000 species of fungi, including lichen-forming species have been recorded from Malaysia. [citation needed], Homosexuality is illegal in Malaysia,[143][144] and the authorities has imposed punishments such as caning and imprisonment. By 1826, the British directly controlled Penang, Malacca, Singapore, and the island of Labuan, which they established as the crown colony of the Straits Settlements. East Malaysia shares land and maritime borders with Brunei and Indonesia, and a maritime border with the Philippines and Vietnam. [235][236] There are also indigenous or aboriginal groups in much smaller numbers on the peninsular, where they are collectively known as the Orang Asli. [18] Another similar theory claims its origin lies in the Tamil words malai and ur meaning 'mountain' and 'city, land', respectively. It is the vehicle through which the Government aims to steer Malaysia's recovery from COVID-19 and propel our country towards high-income and developed country status and to the achievement of our Shared Prosperity Vision." [335] Traditional sports include Silat Melayu, the most common style of martial arts practised by ethnic Malays. Conducted numerous capacity buildingsessions,notablyMacro-Econometric Modeling workshops for MOF,technical workshopson the Long-Term Growth Model foreconomists and policy makers ingovernment, and seminars with academia to build a robust communityof policymakers. [161] Each ethnic group have distinct performing arts, with little overlap between them. [53] Popular support for independence increased after Malaya was reconquered by Allied forces. All these will ensure sustainable growth through a targeted, outcome-based economic strategy, so Malaysia can reap the opportunities of a post-COVID-19 economy, as well as be back on track to achieve a high-income nation status within the next five years, and its Shared Prosperity Vision by 2030.,saidYB Senator Dato' Sri Tengku Zafrul Tengku Abdul Aziz. Local climates can be divided into three regions, highland, lowland, and coastal. [65] The scandal contributed to the first change in the ruling political party since independence in the 2018 general election. [166] The Exclusive economic zone of Malaysia is 334,671km2 (129,217sqmi) and 1.5 times larger than its land area. [161], There are about 210 mammal species in the country. Key highlights over the pastfiveyears includethe following areas: Engaging the government and the private sector in policy reforms that have: Helpingpromote South-South knowledge-sharing activities andbuild the capacities of governments, public agencies, private sector,and academia: Actingas a global and regional convener for Malaysia on economic and development topics: Find out what the Bank Group's branches are doing in the region. ", "The Non-Aligned Movement: Member States", "Chapter XXVI: Disarmament No. [118], Malaysia's foreign policy is officially based on the principle of neutrality and maintaining peaceful relations with all countries, regardless of their political system. Located in the tropics, Malaysia is one of 17 megadiverse countries, home to numerous endemic species . Having revised its national poverty line inJuly2020, 5.6% of Malaysian households are currently living in absolute poverty. [181], About twothirds of Malaysia was covered in forest as of 2007,[163] with some forests believed to be 130million years old. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of a newly developed Family Support . [216] Among Malaysia's 114 airports,[217] among which the busiest is Kuala Lumpur International Airport in Kuala Lumpur, which is also the twelfth-busiest airport in Asia. Hindus in Malaysia celebrate Deepavali, the festival of lights,[324] while Thaipusam is a religious rite which sees pilgrims from all over the country converge at the Batu Caves. [171] It has subsequently produced a National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, which was received by the convention on 16 April 1998. This low-income group remains particularly vulnerable to economic shocks as well as increases in the cost of living and mounting financial obligations. In August 1965, Singapore was expelled from the federation and became a separate independent country.[14]. [293], Malaysia has a multi-ethnic, multicultural, and multilingual society. [161] Chinese and Indian literature became common as the numbers of speakers increased in Malaysia, and locally produced works based in languages from those areas began to be produced in the 19th century. [45] In the early 15th century, Parameswara, a runaway king of the former Kingdom of Singapura linked to the old Srivijayan court, founded the Malacca Sultanate. Achieving high-income status is almost a certainty for Malaysia, but navigating this next stage of development will require tough reforms in 6 key areas. Malaysia has a newly industrialised market economy, ranked third-largest in Southeast Asia and 36th-largest in the world. State governments are led by Chief Ministers,[47] who are state assembly members from the majority party in the assembly. Located in the tropics, Malaysia is one of 17 megadiverse countries, home to numerous endemic species. Fromthis experience, the World Bank Group published a Global Guidance document to help other countries develop their own green taxonomies. Dumont d'Urville described Malaysia as "an area commonly known as the East Indies". [47][131], The Five Power Defence Arrangements is a regional security initiative which has been in place for almost 40 years. [184] Habitat destruction has proved a threat for marine life. We provide a wide array of financial products and technical assistance, and we help countries share and apply innovative knowledge and solutions to the challenges they face. The most prominent of these is the Main Range, which is about 300 miles (480 km) long and has peaks exceeding 7,000 feet (2,100 metres). [262][263] The National Language Act 1967 specifies the Latin (Rumi) script as the official script of the national language, but does not prohibit the use of the traditional Jawi script. TheGovernmentis focused onaddressing the well-being of the poorest 40%of the population (the bottom 40). To download the report, visit https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/35095. [273] Chinese Malaysians predominantly speak Chinese dialects from the southern part of China. [57] After this a plan was put in place to federate Malaya with the crown colonies of North Borneo (which joined as Sabah), Sarawak, and Singapore. The more common Chinese varieties in the country are Mandarin, Cantonese, Hokkien, and so on. [337] Besides the Olympic Games, Malaysia also participates in the Paralympic Games. However, it has generated greater interethnic resentment. [198] The Chinese make up about one-quarter of the population, but accounts for 70 per cent of the country's market capitalisation. It will never get there. Malaysia's economy has been transformed since 1970 from one based primarily on the export of raw materials (rubber and tin) to one that is among the strongest, most diversified, and fastest-growing in Southeast Asia. [182] Lowland forest covers areas below 760m (2,490ft),[163] and formerly East Malaysia was covered in such rainforest,[182] which is supported by its hot wet climate. [30] Under a racial classification created by a German scholar Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, the natives of maritime Southeast Asia were grouped into a single category, the Malay race. Reduced the costs of doing businessin Malaysia, throughadvisory support and workshopsprovided to thePEMUDAHspecial task force to facilitate business. [192] Its foreign exchange reserves are the world's 24th-largest. As we look to join the ranks of the worlds high-income and developed economies, Malaysia needs to be able to compete at the global frontier,saidYB Dato Sri Mustapa Mohamed, Minister in the Prime Ministers Department (Economy). Wesak Day is observed and celebrated by Buddhists. [209] Malaysia was ranked 38th in the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report 2019. Judging from its economic development, the answer is "close." [54] Post-war British plans to unite the administration of Malaya under a single crown colony called the "Malayan Union" met with strong opposition from the Malays, who opposed the weakening of the Malay rulers and the granting of citizenship to the ethnic Chinese. While income growthforthe bottom 40 has outpaced the top 60 over much of the last decade, the absolute gap across income groups has increased, contributing to widespread perceptions ofthe poorbeing left behind. However, Malay art does show some North Indian influence due to the historical influence of India. [47], In 1511, Malacca was conquered by Portugal,[47] after which it was taken by the Dutch in 1641. Manufacturing has a large influence in the country's economy,[205] although Malaysia's economic structure has been moving away from it. [230], According to the Malaysian Department of Statistics, the country's population was 32,447,385 in 2020,[231] making it the 42nd most populated country. [190] It has the world's 36th-largest economy by nominal GDP and the 31st-largest by PPP. [239][240] Malaysian citizenship is not automatically granted to those born in Malaysia, but is granted to a child born of two Malaysian parents outside Malaysia. Its goal is to attain high-income and developed nation status while ensuring that shared prosperity is sustainable. [132] Joint exercises and war games have also been held with Brunei,[133] China,[134] India,[135] Indonesia,[136] Japan,[137] and the United States. [223] Football is the most popular sport in Malaysia. [66] Before 2018, registered voters aged 21 and above could vote for the members of the House of Representatives and, in most of the states, for the state legislative chamber. Malaysias near-term economic outlook will be more dependentthan usualon government measures to sustain private sector activity asthe shock of COVID-19reduces export-led growth, andasadepletedfiscal space limits public investment-led expansion. [274] The Tamil language is used predominantly by the majority of Malaysian Indians. Malaysia, country of Southeast Asia, lying just north of the Equator, that is composed of two noncontiguous regions: Peninsular Malaysia (Semenanjung Malaysia), also called West Malaysia (Malaysia Barat), which is on the Malay Peninsula, and East Malaysia (Malaysia Timur), which is on the island of Borneo. The Civil Courts do not hear matters related to Islamic practices. According to the World Tourism Organization, Malaysia was the fourteenth-most visited country in the world, and the fourth-most visited country in Asia in 2019, with over 26.1 million visits. About half the population is ethnically Malay, with minorities of Chinese, Indians, and indigenous peoples. Unlike its neighbours of Vietnam and the Philippines, Malaysia historically avoided conflicts with China. Malaysia has long aspired to join the ranks of developed countries. Admission to the OECD, often referred to as the "rich countries' club," would be formal recognition that Malaysia has done just that. [173] It is estimated to contain 20percent of the world's animal species. 2.7% declared no religion or practised other religions or did not provide any information. [47] Although the judiciary is theoretically independent, its independence has been called into question and the appointment of judges lacks accountability and transparency. Even their water is from us. People within the 1564 age group constitute 69.5 percent of the total population; the 014 age group corresponds to 24.5 percent; while senior citizens aged 65 years or older make up 6.0 percent. [161] The largest river in Malaysia is the Rajang. It first participated in the 1956 Melbourne Olympic Games. [43] Traders and settlers from India and China arrived as early as the first century AD, establishing trading ports and coastal towns in the second and third centuries. Each state is divided into districts, which are then divided into mukim. Unless Malaysia learns to elect leaders based on merit, we are always going to get 20 sen on the dollar. The World Bank Group works in every major area of development. [147][148] There has also been cases of vigilante executions and beatings against LGBT individuals in Malaysia. [221], Malaysia's energy infrastructure sector is largely dominated by Tenaga Nasional, the largest electric utility company in Southeast Asia. Convened 50 government officials fromeightSoutheast Asian countries for a technical workshop for the Planning Community of Practiceonoperationalizingnational economic planning. What did they do right? The World Bank GroupInclusive Growth and Sustainable FinanceHub in Malaysia(the Hub)serves as a partner to the country and its people in developing and implementing global development solutions. Of this population, approximately 79,000 are from Burma, 72,400 from the Philippines, and 17,700 from Indonesia. The country also has maritime boundaries with Vietnam[158] and the Philippines. [176][177] Some of its waters are in the Coral Triangle, a biodiversity hotspot. [188] Wildlife trafficking is a large issue, and the Malaysian government has held talks with the governments of Brunei and Indonesia to standardise anti-trafficking laws. [312] Laws such as the Printing Presses and Publications Act have also been cited as curtailing freedom of expression. East Malaysia, on the island of Borneo, has a coastline of 2,607km (1,620mi). As an upper middle-income country Malaysia is both a contributor to the development of low- and middle-income countries, and a beneficiary of global experience in its own journey towards high-income and developed nation status. [272] The native tribes of East Malaysia have their own languages which are related to, but easily distinguishable from, Malay. [208] In 2019, the sector contributed about 15.9 per cent to the total GDP. [328] Badminton matches also attract thousands of spectators, and since 1948 Malaysia has been one of four countries to hold the Thomas Cup, the world team championship trophy of men's badminton. [305] Many cultures from within the country and from surrounding regions have greatly influenced the cuisine. The HDI ranges from 0.000 (lowest development) to 1.000 (highest development). Substantial influence exists from Chinese and Indian culture, dating back to when foreign trade began. [22] Malacca and later Johor claimed they were the centre of Malay culture, a position supported by the British which led to the term Malay becoming more usually linked to the Malay peninsula rather than Sumatra. The World Bank In Malaysia Over the past 50 years, Malaysia has successfully reduced extreme poverty and promoted shared prosperity. [162], The two parts of Malaysia, separated from each other by the South China Sea, share a largely similar landscape in that both Peninsular and East Malaysia feature coastal plains rising to hills and mountains. [201][202][203] Malaysia is an exporter of natural and agricultural resources, and petroleum is a major export. [73], Legislative power is divided between federal and state legislatures. [307] Food from one culture is sometimes also cooked using styles taken from another culture,[184] For example, sambal belacan (shrimp paste) are commonly used as ingredients by Chinese restaurants to create the stir fried water spinach (kangkung belacan). [166] Besides rainforests, there are over 1,425km2 (550sqmi) of mangroves in Malaysia,[163] and a large amount of peat forest. [178] The waters around Sipadan island are the most biodiverse in the world. Christianity is the predominant religion of the non-Malay bumiputera community (46.5%) with an additional 40.4% identifying as Muslims. [186] Marine life is also detrimentally affected by uncontrolled tourism. Established a new asset class for the world withtheGreen Sukuk,an Islamicgreen bond,pioneeredin Malaysia by Bank Negara Malaysia(BNM)and the Securities Commission with the support of the World Bank Group. The Islamic judges are expected to follow the Shafi'i legal school of Islam, which is the main madh'hab of Malaysia. [92] A lawsuit filed by Department of Justice (DOJ), alleged that at least $3.5 billion involving former prime minister Najib Razak had been stolen from Malaysia's 1MDB state-owned fund, known as the 1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal. This site uses cookies to optimize functionality and give you the best possible experience. [39] Politicians in the Philippines contemplated renaming their state Malaysia before the modern country took the name. In Malay, the name of the country as it appears on some official documents, including the oath of Yang di-Pertuan Agong is, sfn error: no target: CITEREFDepartment_of_Statistics_Malaysia2021 (, Lee, S.S.; Alias, S.A.; Jones, E.B.G. [118] A strong tenet of Malaysia's policy is national sovereignty and the right of a country to control its domestic affairs. Sanskrit inscriptions appear as early as the fourth or fifth century. [90] However, it fell 18 places the following year due to the policies of the Perikatan Nasional government. Can Malaysia be a developed country by 2020? Every citizen is issued a biometric smart chip identity card known as MyKad at the age of 12, and must carry the card at all times. Putrajaya is the administrative center, which represents the seat of both the executive branch (the Cabinet, federal ministries, and agencies) and the judicial branch of the federal government. Once a British colony, the country is home to more than 30 million people,. Openness to trade and investment hasbeen instrumental in employment creation and income growth, with about 40%of jobs in Malaysia linked to export activities. [170], Malaysia signed the Rio Convention on Biological Diversity on 12 June 1993, and became a party to the convention on 24 June 1994. The Federation of Malaya became an independent country on 31 August 1957. [305], Malaysia's main newspapers are owned by the government and political parties in the ruling coalition,[310][311] although some major opposition parties also have their own, which are openly sold alongside regular newspapers. [187] Leatherback turtle numbers have dropped 98percent since the 1950s.

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