linus pauling vitamin c, lysine protocol

Linus Pauling recommended at least 3000mg of vitamin C per day as a preventive dose, and significantly higher levels of both vitamin C and lysine for the treatment of existing heart disease. Ascorbyl palmitate is a vitamin C ester (i.e., ascorbic acid linked to a fatty acid). Because high doses of vitamin C have also been found to interfere with the interpretation of certain laboratory tests (e.g., serum bilirubin, serum creatinine, and the stool guaiac assay for occult blood), it is important to inform one's health care provider of any recent supplement use. A history of scurvy and vitamin C. In: Packer L, Fuchs J, eds. In: Harris JR, ed. Science. Patients are advised to discuss with their oncologist before using vitamin C supplements (200, 201). Am J Obstet Gynecol. Sisto T, Paajanen H, Metsa-Ketela T, Harmoinen A, Nordback I, Tarkka M. Pretreatment with antioxidants and allopurinol diminishes cardiac onset events in coronary artery bypass grafting. The tendency to exhibit elevated blood uric acid concentrations and develop gout is often inherited; however, dietary and lifestyle modification may be helpful in both the prevention and treatment of gout (116). (PubMed), 79 Park Y, Spiegelman D, Hunter DJ, et al. The measurement of brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) is often used as a functional marker of endothelial function; FMD values are inversely correlated with the risk of future cardiovascular events (38). Thompson CA, Cerhan JR. Fruit and vegetable intake and survival from non-Hodgkin lymphoma: does an apple a day keep the doctor away? Cigarette smoking during pregnancy causes intrauterine growth restriction and preterm birth, among other pregnancy complications (90, 91), and is the primary cause of childhood respiratory illness (92). Ye Z, Song H. Antioxidant vitamins intake and the risk of coronary heart disease: meta-analysis of cohort studies. However, a reduction in blood vitamin C concentrations with these drugs has not been reported in humans (200). (PubMed), 69. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Block G, Jensen CD, Norkus EP, Hudes M, Crawford PB. McEvoy CT, Milner KF, Scherman AJ, et al. Carr AC, Cook J. (PubMed), 132. (PubMed), 47. ", Linus Pauling Institute | Oregon State University Dawson EB, Evans DR, Harris WA, Teter MC, McGanity WJ. The lens of the eye focuses light, producing a clear, sharp image on the retina, a layer of tissue on the inside back wall of the eyeball. Human skeletal muscle ascorbate is highly responsive to changes in vitamin C intake and plasma concentrations. Am J Epidemiol. Linus Pauling Institute One trial found that vitamin C supplementation (1 g/day) for 14 weeks reduced the risk of asthma attacks precipitated by respiratory infection. Crit Care Med. (PubMed), 37. (PubMed), 65. Stamp LK, Zhu X, Dalbeth N, Jordan S, Edwards NL, Taylor W. Serum urate as a soluble biomarker in chronic gout-evidence that serum urate fulfills the OMERACT validation criteria for soluble biomarkers. Int J Cancer. Am J Clin Nutr. Front Physiol. Antioxidants for Alzheimer disease: a randomized clinical trial with cerebrospinal fluid biomarker measures. 307 Linus Pauling Science Center PLoS One. Annu Rev Nutr. (PubMed), 137. Vitamin C is depleted during and following cardiac surgery (134)and this might be due to the direct quenching of ROS, the regeneration of other antioxidants, and/or a massive synthesis of catecholamines (dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine) (135). Pauling recommended 3 g each of vitamin C and lysine daily as a preventive measure. Vitamin C affects several components of the human immune system in vitro; for example, vitamin C has been shown to stimulate both the production (5-9)and function (10, 11)of leukocytes (white blood cells), especially neutrophils, lymphocytes, and phagocytes. The concern of kidney stone formation with vitamin C supplementation is discussed below. Lysine also prevents collagen-digesting enzymes from destroying collagen. (PubMed), 116. 1990;265(5):2584-2587. While plasma vitamin C concentration reflects recent dietary intake, leukocyte (white blood cell) vitamin C is thought to be an indicator of body stores. (PubMed), 131. Spoelstra-de Man AME, Elbers PWG, Oudemans-van Straaten HM. 2010;12(2):209-217. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2017;151(6):1229-1238. (PubMed). Carr AC, Vissers MC. In his Unified Theory, Linus Pauling often recommended 3,000 to 5,000 mg per day as an effective dose. (PubMed), 64. Ester-C should not be confused with ascorbyl palmitate, which is also marketed as "vitamin C ester" (see below). (PubMed), 72. Although the use of lead paint and leaded gasoline has been discontinued in the US, lead toxicity continues to be a significant health problem, especially in children living in urban areas. Four phase I clinical trials in patients with advanced cancer found that intravenous administration of vitamin C at doses up to 1.5 g/kg of body weight (equivalent to about 100 g/day for an average weight [70 kg] person) and 70 to 80 g/m2 was well tolerated and safe in pre-screened patients (167-170). In humans, vitamin C concentration is about 15 to 20 times higher in the aqueous humorfluid that fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eyethan in plasma, suggesting that the vitamin may be playing an important role in the eye (107). 2011;2(2):78-88. 2001 SCCM/ESICM/ACCP/ATS/SIS International Sepsis Definitions Conference. Endothelial dysfunction results in widespread vasoconstriction and coagulation abnormalities. Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) is a potent reducing agent, meaning that it readily donates electrons to recipient molecules ( Figure 1 ). Weinstein M, Babyn P, Zlotkin S. An orange a day keeps the doctor away: scurvy in the year 2000. Br J Nutr. Tsivgoulis G, Safouris A, Kim DE, Alexandrov AV. Ashor AW, Lara J, Mathers JC, Siervo M. Effect of vitamin C on endothelial function in health and disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Vitamins E and C in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in men: the Physicians' Health Study II randomized controlled trial. Thus, in vitro vitamin C sensitivity assays may provide predictive value for the clinical response to intravenous vitamin C treatment. (PubMed), 85. Harris HR, Orsini N, Wolk A. Vitamin C and survival among women with breast cancer: a meta-analysis. I've never used his regimen in this regard, but it should help. A 2011 meta-analysis of 13 randomized controlled trials in healthy individuals with elevated serum uric acid revealed that vitamin C supplementation (a median dose of 500 mg/day for a median duration of 30 days) modestly reduced serum uric acid concentrations by 0.35 mg/dL compared to placebo(120). 2017;58:66-77. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. Vitamin C and the Common Cold. Accessed 6/22/18. Am J Clin Nutr. 17. Linus Pauling's Basic Vitamin Advice is Centered on Vitamin C, and adds: Vitamin E - 800 to 3200 iu Per Doctor Sinatra's Miracle of CoQ10 book, an epidemiological WHO study showed that heart attack is 70% more likely in people with low blood levels of vitamin E, than in people with high blood pressure or high choleserol. (PubMed), 11. Plasma ascorbic acid, a priori diet quality score, and incident hypertension: a prospective cohort study. 202 Brown BG, Zhao XQ, Chait A, et al. (PubMed), 120. Although CSF vitamin C is maintained at concentrations several-fold higher than plasma vitamin C, the precise function of vitamin C in cognitive function and AD etiology is not yet fully understood (102). Once plasma vitamin C concentrations reach saturation, additional vitamin C is largely excreted in the urine. Among the five out of eight trials in asthmatic subjects that reported on FEV1 outcomes, none found a difference between vitamin C supplementation and placebo(180). Human genetic variation influences vitamin C homeostasis by altering vitamin C transport and antioxidant enzyme function. Auer BL, Auer D, Rodgers AL. Large doses of vitamin C may block the action of warfarin and thus lower its effectiveness. Originally written in 2000 by: (PubMed), 18. 2013;32(12):1508-1517. Finally, vitamin C increases the bioavailability of iron from foods by enhancing intestinal absorption of non-heme iron (see the article on Iron) (21). 2016;8(6). Thus, the Linus Pauling Institute recommends a vitamin C intake of 400 mg daily for adults to ensure replete tissue concentrations (29)an amount substantially higher than the RDA yet with minimal risk of side effects. Kabat GC, Kim MY, Wactawski-Wende J, Shikany JM, Vitolins MZ, Rohan TE. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 11th ed. A meta-analysis of 10 trials that examined antioxidant vitamins, of which five included vitamin C, found no association between any antioxidant vitamin (vitamin C, vitamin E, or -carotene), administered alone or in combination, and risk of stroke (60). Dietary factors and the risk of incident kidney stones in men: new insights after 14 years of follow-up. J Transl Med. Liu C, Russell RM. PLoS One. Am J Clin Nutr. (PubMed), 93. Natural resistance to ascorbic acid induced oxidative stress is mainly mediated by catalase activity in human cancer cells and catalase-silencing sensitizes to oxidative stress. Coronary heart disease (CHD) is characterized by the buildup of plaque inside the arteries that supply blood to the heart (atherosclerosis). Am J Clin Nutr. Reiss GR, Werness PG, Zollman PE, Brubaker RF. Although ascorbyl palmitate is also available as an oral supplement, most of it is likely hydrolyzed to ascorbic acid and palmitic acid in the digestive tract before it is absorbed (189). Of note, it is possible that genetic differences among diabetic patients influence the effect of vitamin C supplementation on cardiovascular risk. 2001;98(17):9842-9846. Oregon State University, Reviewed in December 2018 by: Depletion-repletion pharmacokinetic experiments demonstrated that plasma vitamin C concentration is tightly controlled by three primary mechanisms: intestinal absorption, tissue transport, and renal reabsorption (22). The Therapy: Vitamin C, Lysine and Proline The form of vitamin C recommended by Dr. Linus Pauling is pure pharmaceutical grade ascorbic acid: - Not buffered. Effect of Helicobacter pylori and its eradication on gastric juice ascorbic acid. Another meta-analysis of trials found no effect of vitamins E and C, alone or in combination, on measures of -cell function and insulin resistance(146). A 2013 meta-analysis of 53 placebo-controlled trials evaluated the effect of vitamin C supplementation on the incidence, duration, or severity of the common cold when taken as a continuous daily supplement (43 trials) or as therapy upon onset of cold symptoms (10 trials) (178). Ascorbic Acid: Biochemistry and Biomedical Cell Biology. Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Gluud LL, Simonetti RG, Gluud C. Antioxidant supplements for prevention of mortality in healthy participants and patients with various diseases. Wandzilak TR, D'Andre SD, Davis PA, Williams HE. After approximately four years of follow-up in 19,496 men and women (ages 45-79 years), a dose-response relationship was observed such that each 20 mol/L increase in plasma vitamin C was associated with an estimated 20% risk reduction in all-cause mortality. 1998;68(5):309-315. Milner AD, Rao H, Greenough A. 2007;6:41. Lancet Glob Health. Although trials do not currently support the use of high-dose supplementation with vitamin C in cataract prevention, there is a consistent inverse association observed between high daily intake of fruit and/or vegetables (>5 servings/day) and risk of cataract (113). Am J Clin Nutr. Rumbold A, Ota E, Nagata C, Shahrook S, Crowther CA. With respect to vitamin C and cerebrovascular disease, a prospective cohort study that followed more than 2,000 residents of a rural Japanese community for 20 years found that the risk of stroke in those with the highest serum concentrations of vitamin C was 29% lower than in those with the lowest serum concentrations of vitamin C (57). Crit Care. (PubMed), 124. (PubMed), 180. Vitamin C in Health and Disease. Zhang ZW, Patchett SE, Perrett D, Katelaris PH, Domizio P, Farthing MJ. Using this approach, Dr. Pauling suggested in the early 1970s that the optimum daily intake may be about 2,000 milligrams of vitamin C and that everyone should get at least 200 to 250 mg/day. Present Knowledge in Nutrition. (PubMed). Available at: https://naturalmedicines.therapeuticresearch.com. Is vitamin C supplementation beneficial? Phase I safety trial of intravenous ascorbic acid in patients with severe sepsis. Bowman GL, Dodge H, Frei B, et al. Gut. 3rd ed. Michels AJ, Hagen TM, Frei B. Aspirin can impair vitamin C status if taken frequently (201). 201. 2003;410(1):112-120. (PubMed), 68 Nagel G, Linseisen J, van Gils CH, et al. 2008;168(14):1493-1499. (PubMed), 12. 2014;28(2):252-268. Additionally, work by Linus Pauling Institute investigators has shown that cellular uptake of vitamin C declines with age, supporting the notion that vitamin C requirements are increased in the elderly. In a cohort of 21,831 adults followed for 12 years in the EPIC-Norfolk study, high plasma vitamin C was found to be strongly associated with a reduced risk of diabetes(84). 2012;56. 2nd ed. 2010;19(5):360-365. 2008;15(1):26-34. Stroke. Antioxid Redox Signal. email:[emailprotected], Chlorophyll and Metallo-Chlorophyll Derivatives, Healthcare Professional Continuing Education. You can achieve a higher volume [concentration] in the blood by a larger intake, but you get much better improvement for the first 250 mg than for additional grams." Freeman; 1970. Johnston CS. Conversely, a 2008 meta-analysis of 14 cohort studies concluded that dietary, but not supplemental, vitamin C intake was inversely related to CHD risk (47). Chen GC, Lu DB, Pang Z, Liu QF. Additional detail is provided below for those cancer subtypes with substantial scientific information obtained from prospective cohort studies. Hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a weakened blood vessel ruptures and bleeds into the surrounding brain tissue. 2005;4:5. Johansen JS, Harris AK, Rychly DJ, Ergul A. Oxidative stress and the use of antioxidants in diabetes: linking basic science to clinical practice. In a cross-sectional study conducted in 4,576 African Americans, the odds of having hyperuricemia was associated with dietary intakes high in fructose, low in vitamin C, or with high fructose-to-vitamin C ratios (118). (PubMed), 185. Symptoms of scurvy include subcutaneous bleeding, poor wound closure, and bruising easily, hair and tooth loss, and joint pain and swelling. Annu Rev Nutr. In an observational study that included 1,387 men, higher intakes of vitamin C were associated with lower serum concentrations of uric acid (117). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. At the Linus Pauling Institute, we have based our vitamin C recommendations on the current body of scientific evidence, which is significantly greater than it was at Pauling's time but remains incomplete owing to the many diverse functions of vitamin C in the human body that have yet to be fully understood. Indian J Pharmacol. 2010;341:c4229. (PubMed), 122. Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) is a potent reducing agent, meaning that it readily donates electrons to recipient molecules (Figure 1). For a more detailed discussion on the bioavailability of different forms of vitamin C, see the article,The Bioavailability of Different Forms of Vitamin C. Severe vitamin C deficiency has been known for many centuries as the potentially fatal disease, scurvy. (PubMed), 31. If you suffer from an acute deficiency of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) and other nutrients, your body stops producing collagen.

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