list of paratroopers at arnhem

The 1st Independent Polish Parachute Brigade was formed in Leven, Scotland, on the 23rd September 1941, as The Polish Parachute Brigade. This gave him easy access to the knife so that he could free himself if he became caught on a tree while landing. [86] As soon as it became light, the 1st Parachute Battalion was spotted and halted by fire from the main German defensive line. [193] After that, it was merely "a side-show to the crisis being enacted on the Waal". The failure to outflank the Siegfried Line finally dictated the pause in the general advance which Montgomery had feared" and meant that General Dwight D. Eisenhower "turned to Antwerp, which despite the long-delayed capture of Le Havre on 12 September, of Brest on the 18th and of Calais on the 30th, remained, as the closest, largest and best-preserved of the ports, the necessary solution to the difficulties of supply. Officers and men in any regiment or corps, may apply for transfer to a parachute or glider-borne unit of the Airborne Forces. Though aware of the British troops at the bridge, it attempted to cross by force. [80] However, he was given command of the King's Own Scottish Borderers who were moving toward LZ 'L' to secure it for Tuesday's landing. The success of early British airborne operations prompted the War Office to expand the existing airborne force, setting up the Airborne Forces Depot and Battle School in Derbyshire in April 1942, and creating the Parachute Regiment. Five of the British participants in the battle were awarded Britain's highest award for gallantry, the Victoria Cross. [57] The paratroopers' radio sets range was instantly limited by the wooded terrain and as the battalions advanced they lost contact with Divisional HQ at the landing zones. [94] Urquhart, realising the need to go on to the defensive and prevent the two battalions being cut off north of the railway, ordered them to fall back to Wolfheze and Oosterbeek. [158] This assault pushed through the defenders' outer lines and threatened to isolate the bulk of the division from the river. [102] The Luftwaffe was able to make strafing runs on the British-occupied houses. [61] Urquhart followed Lathbury there but subsequently would not be able to return to Divisional HQ for two days. [101] At the bridge, Frost held on but without supply or reinforcement the position was becoming precarious. [20] Browning was dismissive and ordered his chief medical officer to have Urquhart sent on sick leave. Roll of Honour Fatal casualties of the 1st Airborne Division, Polish Brigade, Air Forces, and other supporting units during the Battle Awards Medals awarded to the 1st Airborne Division and supporting units after the Battle Equipment The weapons and equipment used by the 1st Airborne Division at Arnhem Photo Gallery The division was made up of three brigades of infantry (two parachute, one glider-borne), supporting artillery of the 1st Airlanding Light Regiment and anti-tank batteries and Royal Engineer units, as well as supporting elements such as the Royal Army Service Corps and Royal Army Medical Corps. Obersturmbannfhrer Ludwig Spindler commander of the 9th SS Armoured Artillery Regiment quickly organised a small Kampfgruppe (battlegroup; Kampfgruppe Spindler) was initially only 120 men, but would incorporate 16 separate units over the course of the battle). [12] With the need to secure the bridges, towns and drop zones for subsequent supply drops, the 1st Airborne would need to defend a perimeter 18mi (29km) long whilst waiting for XXX Corps. [49] Only the 2nd Parachute Battalion was largely unopposed, bypassing the defences that did not as yet reach down as far as the river. Since then, the carillon became associated with the yearly war memorial services held each May. [177][182], Carlo D'Este wrote "Sosabowski, an experienced and highly competent officer, was removed because he had become an embarrassment to Browning's own ineptitude. Adolf Hitler, stunned by the attack, agreed that the defence of the Netherlands should receive priority and reinforcements streamed in from Wehrkreis VI, the Wesel area and Armed Forces Command Netherlands (General Friedrich Christiansen). They were: The British and Commonwealth system of battle honours recognised participation in fighting at Arnhem in 1956, 1957 and 1958 by the award of the battle honour Arnhem 1944 to six units. [1] Contents 1 Marlborough Lines 2 Stanhope Lines 3 Bordon and Longmoor, Hampshire 4 Wellington Lines 5 Montgomery Lines 6 1960s Barracks 7 Other Barracks 8 References [163] To keep the operation secret, the plan was not announced until the afternoon and some men (mainly wounded) would remain to provide covering fire through the night. The British Royal Air Force established the 1st Parachute Brigade on September 15, 1941, and added another the following year. In the 10.005 Arnhem forces, which included the Polish 1st Independent Para Brigade . The result: a private Prussian police force which grew into one of the most powerful armored units in Nazi Germany's Wehrmacht. [1], Montgomery's plan involved dropping the US 101st Airborne Division to capture bridges around Eindhoven, the US 82nd Airborne Division to capture crossings around Nijmegen and the British 1st Airborne Division, with the Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade, to capture three bridges across the Nederrijn at Arnhem. But due to. It was arranged that six rubber boats should be supplied on the northern bank to enable the Poles to cross the river and come into the Oosterbeek perimeter. The total number of Allied soldiers who died in the Battle of Arnhem is 1,984 casualties. events, and resources. [112] At Oosterbeek, the Germans had used British marker panels and flares to attract the aircraft to their positions and the aircraft were unable to distinguish the exact dropping zones. The US IX Troop Carrier Command (Major General Williams) could not land all the airborne troops in one go. [68], At the road bridge, German forces of the 9th SS had quickly surrounded Frost's battalion, cutting them off from the rest of the division. Krafft's unit withdrew overnight and joined Spindler's line, coming under his command. [140] Only 55 Poles made it across before light and only 35 of these made it into the perimeter. Mk VII* or VIII (474) ** Mortar, 3in M.L. America's Guard of Honor. [203] In 1974 Cornelius Ryan's book A Bridge Too Far, brought the battle to a wider audience,[233] as did Richard Attenborough's adaptation of the book into the film of the same name in 1977. [212], Although the battle was a disaster for the British 1st Airborne Division,[214] their fight north of the Rhine is considered an example of courage and endurance[215] and one of the greatest feats of arms in the Second World War. The. Formed in Indian from volunteers from the 2nd, 4th and 5th Battalions, Formed from volunteers from the 156th Parachute Battalion. The US 101st Division was ordered to capture Eindhoven, and . We provide a wide range of Parachute Regiment and Airborne clothing, with an even wider range of embroidery and print designs - Over 3000 combinations and counting! American Airborne Divisions were dropped near Eindhoven and Nijmegen; British and Polish ones were dropped near Arnhem. One Canadian parachute battalion served in a British parachute brigade and a Polish parachute brigade served with a British division.[6]. If so, the 1st independent Polish Parachute Brigade list of participants does indicate that his rank was Corporal in the 3rd Battalion. [132], Overnight, the Germans south of the river formed a blocking line along the railway, linking up with 10th SS to the south and screening the road bridge from the Poles. The aeroplane of 271 squadron came from Down Ampney. A Bridge Too Far: Directed by Richard Attenborough. [8], By the end of the war the British Army had raised seventeen parachute and eight airlanding battalions. [132] The Poles waited on the southern bank but by 03:00 no rafts were evident and they withdrew to Driel to take up defensive positions. [109] 150 men of 156th Parachute Battalion led by Hackett himself became pinned down and took cover in a hollow some 400m (440yd) west of the Oosterbeek perimeter. [231] The division was also accompanied by a three-man team from the Army Film and Photographic Unit who recorded much of the battle[8] including many of the images on this page. Sampson outside, away from the building. [126] Behind them, the rest of the 43rd Wessex Division was making its way up a narrow corridor. 1st Airborne Division paratroopers and gliders during the Battle of Arnhem. After four days, the small British force at the bridge was overwhelmed and the rest of the division trapped in a small pocket north of the river. Helmet: The rimless steel helmet was routinely fitted with camouflage netting. It was disbanded after the, Converted to a parachute battalion from the 2/4th, Converted to a parachute battalion with volunteers from the 1st, Formed in India from volunteers of 27 British infantry battalions in India. [221], In Germany, the battle was treated as a great victory[222] and afterward no fewer than eight men were awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. [192], In his assessment of the German perspective at Arnhem, Robert Kershaw concluded that "the battle on the Waal at Nijmegen proved to be the decisive event" and that Arnhem became a simple matter of containment after the British had retreated into the Oosterbeek perimeter. Middlebrook believes that the refusal to consider night drops, two lifts on day 1 or a coup-de-main assault on Arnhem bridge were "cardinal fundamental errors" and that the failure to land nearer the bridge threw away the airborne force's most valuable asset that of surprise. [195] Frost believed that the distance from the drop zones to the bridge and the long approach on foot was a "glaring snag" and was highly critical of the "unwillingness of the air forces to fly more than one sortie in the day [which] was one of the chief factors that mitigated against success". The progress of the battle was widely reported in the British press,[230] thanks largely to the efforts of two BBC reporters (Stanley Maxted and Guy Byam) and three journalists (newspaper reporters Alan Wood of the Daily Express and Jack Smyth of Reuters) who accompanied the British forces. Used cleverly, this creates a huge tactical shift as you can order. Equally, there was no way for the division to know that the 2nd lift had been delayed by ground fog in England. Helmet: The rimless steel helmet was routinely fitted with camouflage netting. [126] Fearing an attack on the southern end of the road bridge or the Nijmegen road, a battalion of the 34th SS Volunteer Grenadier Division Landstorm Nederland, Machine Gun Battalion 47 and other Kampfgruppen headed across the river overnight. The 82nd Airborne Division will host current and former Paratroopers, their families, and the local community during All American Week, May 22-25, 2023. [170] Later in the day, they rounded up about 600 men, mostly wounded in aid stations and those left behind on the north bank, as well as some pockets of resistance that had been out of radio contact with division headquarters and did not know about the withdrawal. [30] The number of men who were available after the withdrawal from Normandy is unclear. In the end, only twenty-four hundred paratroopers safely crossed to the south bank. [174][173], The Polish brigade was moved to Nijmegen to defend the withdrawal of British troops in Operation Berlin before returning to England in early October. The 3rd Battalion (Lt. Col. Fitch) would head through Oosterbeek to Arnhem (Tiger route), assist in the capture of the road bridge and take up positions in the east of the town. The 3rd Parachute Battalion went south and halted in Oosterbeek for most of the night[48] while 1st Parachute Battalion went further north but hit Spindler's forces and was unable to reach the Arnhem-Ede road of Leopard route. Paratroopers developed an elite image on both sides during . [78] Nevertheless, the arrival of a full brigade overwhelmed the Dutch who were routed and surrendered in droves. [50] The railway bridge was blown by German engineers as the Allies approached it[51] and the pontoon bridge was missing its central section. Urquhart's, 1st British Airborne Division was almost completely destroyed. It was fought in and around the Dutch city of Arnhem, the town of Oosterbeek, the villages Wolfheze and Driel and the vicinity from 17 to 26 September 1944. Six battalions fought at Arnhem during Operation Market Garden (1944). Initially, however, no units were ordered to secure the bridge itself. The pouches could hold a water bottle, compass, ammunition, and hand grenades. Of these brave men and women, 103 were killed in combat with the Germans or executed by the Gestapo. Paratroopers from the US Army's 101st and 82nd Airborne Divisions and Poland's 1st Independent Parachute Brigade also were dropped into the Netherlands. [124] The Poles dropped under fire at 17:00 and suffered casualties but assembled in good order. [13] The 1st Battalion (Lt. Col. Dobie) would follow Leopard route north of the railway line to occupy high ground north and north west of Arnhem. [3] Most of the division had seen action in North Africa and Sicily, particularly the 1st Parachute Brigade and 1st Airlanding Brigade. [60] Partly as a consequence of this limitation, Urquhart decided to follow the 1st Parachute Brigade and make contact with Lathbury. Parachute battalions also saw action in the Battle of the Bulge (1945) and the Rhine Crossings (1945). Almost all the battalions played some part in British airborne operations. Frost's battalion was to be the spearhead of the British 1st Airborne Division that commanded by Roy Urquhart. Petit & Fritsen constructed a new, 49-bell carillon for the reconstructed church between 1958 and 1964. Contributor: C. Peter Chen ww2dbase Having seen paratroopers and glider troops achieving their objectives during the Normandie (English: Normandy) invasion in France in Jun 1944, senior Allied commanders planned to deploy airborne forces again immediately. [145], In the morning, Horrocks visited the Polish positions at Driel to see the front for himself. Lieutenant Jack Grayburn led an attempt to secure the southern end of the bridge but was unsuccessful, and a later attempt using a flame thrower only succeeded in setting the freshly painted girders of the bridge alight. Grenade, Hand, Anti-tank, Hawkins, No.75 (unk) Grenade, Hand, WP Smoke, No.77 (unk) Grenade, Hand, Mills, No.36M Mk I (unk) Grenade, Hand, Offensive, No.69 (unk) Camouflet Set, Light (Cratering charge) (unk) Mortar, 2in M.L. [2][196], The Allies' failure to secure a bridge over the Lower Rhine spelled the end of Market Garden. [46], The Allied advance quickly ran into trouble. The paratroopers of the 501st, 506th, 327th and supporting units were able to withstand the attacks, but the Germans put up a good fight. These targeted the known flak guns and German garrisons and barracks across the area. [35], The Germans were unprepared for the landings and initially thrown into confusion. The first battalion of the British Paratrooper regiment was responsible for Bloody Sunday on the 30, January 1972 where 14 unarmed protesters were shot dead. Of the ten thousand men who had landed at Arnhem, fourteen hundred were killed and over six thousand captured. To help you to navigate through the vast number of choices, you can choose to view a list of each item with your desired embroidery or print, or you can view a list of . [59] Carrier pigeons were even used to make contact with Britain. The British XXX Corps were expected to reach the British airborne forces in two to three days. [12] The remaining units of the division would follow XXX Corps on land in what was known as the sea tail. [103], By now, the 1st Airborne division was too weak to attempt to reach Frost at the bridge. [44], The 9th SS division's 40-vehicle reconnaissance battalion under the command of Hauptsturmfhrer Viktor Grbner was ordered south to Nijmegen, crossing the Arnhem bridge at dusk. [197][173] Milton Shulman observed that the operation had driven a wedge into the German positions, isolating the 15th Army north of Antwerp from the First Parachute Army on the eastern side of the bulge. The 2nd edition offers the same fantastic World War II gameplay with its exciting order dice system and mixed armies of infantry, tanks and artillery. [225] On 31 May 2006, HM Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands conferred two honours on the Polish forces who fought at the battle. Advancing to the river bank, they discovered that the ferry was gone; the ferryman had sunk it to deny its use to the Germans. [28] The divisions were also specially trained in anti-airborne operations; during their formation both divisions had undergone month-long anti-airborne exercises whilst waiting for their heavy equipment, and had also spent the last 15 months studying the best reactions to a parachute attack in classroom and field exercises. [171], The Allies withdrew from the southern bank of the Rhine and the front remained on "the island" between the Rhine and Waal rivers. [167] A total of 2,163 Airborne men, 160 Poles, 75 Dorsets and several dozen other men were evacuated but about 300 men were left behind on the northern bank when the operation was stopped and 95 men were killed overnight during the evacuation. The unit moved to Egypt and then to England and renamed 156 Parachute Bn and formed part of the 4th Parachute Brigade, Renumbered from the 151st Parachute Battalion in December 1942. They were to take the final bridges at Arnhem over the Rhine. [131] So important was the 64 Medium Regiment that afterward Urquhart lobbied (unsuccessfully) for the regiment to be able to wear the airborne Pegasus badge on their uniforms. The British airborne forces, during the Second World War, consisted of the Parachute Regiment, the Glider Pilot Regiment, the airlanding battalions, and from 1944 the Special Air Service Troops. Paratrooper Sims fought with Colonel Frost in these houses near the north end of the bridge. The 11th Parachute Battalion and the rest of the South Staffords were immediately despatched to Arnhem to assist in the attempt to break through to the bridge, where they linked up with the 1st and 3rd Parachute Battalions after dark. There are nearly 1,800 graves in what is now known as the Airborne Cemetery, of which are for those killed during the 1944 battle. Some sources suggest that the 9th had up to 6,000 men,[31] others suggest that the combined total of the 9th and 10th SS was only 6,0007,000 men. The 1st Airlanding Brigade would fall back to cover Oosterbeek on the western side of the perimeter and 1st Parachute Brigade would fall back to cover the southern side of the bridges. The two wings of the Glider Pilot Regiment were trained to fight as a two battalion brigade. Paratroopers were to play a decisive part in World War Two. In the early years of the Third Reich, Hermann Gring, one of the most notorious leaders of the Third Reich, worked to establish his own personal army to rival Himmler's SS and Reichswehr. But few made it: Of more than 10,000 British and Polish troops engaged at Arnhem, only 2,900 escaped. On the first Sunday after September 17, which is today, they are commemorated with solemn homage in the presence of veterans, their relatives and thousands of people. The 1st Airlanding Brigade landed at Landing zone S (see map) with 350 gliders and had the important task of defending the drop-and landing zones for the next airlift. By September 1944, Allied forces had broken out of their Normandy beachhead and pursued the remnants of the German armies across northern France and Belgium. Intense shelling and snipers increased the number of casualties at the aid posts in the hotels and houses of the town. [12] On the third day, the 1st Independent Polish Parachute Brigade would be dropped south of the river at DZ 'K'. Assault Platoon : Lieutenants Donald Douglassand William Dormer Mortar Platoon : Lieutenant Reginald Woods Medium Machine Gun Platoon : Lieutenant John Monsell A Company Commander : Major Digby Tatham-Warter Second-in-Command : Captain Tony Frank Company Sergeant Major : CSM Dennis Meads No.1 Platoon : Lieutenant Robin Vlasto [125], The arrival of the Poles relieved the pressure on the British as the Germans were forced to send more forces south of the Rhine. TRACK LIST 1 Main Theme 3:41 2 Departure 0:53 3 Leap of Faith 2:01 4 Noon 2:57 5 Zero Hour 0:51 6 Letters from Home 2:42 7 The 101st 2:34 8 Pendulum 2:50. [204] The regiment was so badly depleted that during Operation Varsity RAF pilots flew many of the gliders. The advance was slow and by early afternoon they had not advanced any further than their original positions. The Battle of Arnhem was a battle of the Second World War at the vanguard of the Allied Operation Market Garden.It was fought in and around the Dutch city of Arnhem, the town of Oosterbeek, the villages Wolfheze and Driel and the vicinity from 17 to 26 September 1944. The British Second Army, led by XXX Corps, would advance up the "Airborne corridor", securing the airborne divisions' positions and crossing the Rhine within two days. Lieutenant General Lewis Brereton commanded the First Allied Airborne Army but his second-in-command Lieutenant-General Frederick Browning took command of the airborne operation. [56], The Allied advance was severely hampered by poor communications in these crucial initial phases. The 1st Airborne Division lost nearly three quarters of its strength and did not see combat again. [127], At Oosterbeek, the defensive positions were consolidated and organised into two zones. [104] Urquhart made the difficult decision to abandon the 2nd Parachute Battalion to fend for itself. Three-quarters of the division were missing when it returned to England, including two of the three brigade commanders, eight of the nine battalion commanders and 26 of the 30 infantry company commanders. When he found the Brigade HQ on Lion route, he was informed by Major Hibbert, who, at that time, was still en route to the bridge, that Lathbury himself was visiting the 3rd Battalion. [65] They approached the German line on the outskirts of the town before light and for several hours attempted to fight through the German positions. 2 Commando was turned over to parachute duties and on 21 November, re-designated the 11th Special Air Service Battalion, with a parachute and glider wing. Trapped in open ground and under heavy fire from three sides, the 1st Parachute Battalion disintegrated and what remained of the 3rd Parachute Battalion fell back. [95] The dropzone, DZ 'V', was still in German hands (the British would never reach this zone during the battle) and no message had reached Britain to explain this. A thrust north across the Rhine . Claims were made after the fact that a Dutch Resistance fighter, Christiaan Lindemans,. List of World War II British airborne battalions. including on D-Day and at the Battle of Arnhem in 1944. Ten of the 164 aircraft involved were shot down around Arnhem[112] for only 13% of supplies reaching British hands. [27][30], There were also Dutch units allied to the Germans present at Arnhem. A paratrooper carried the knife in a special pocket in his pants. Over 1,500 British, Dutch, French, Belgian, German, Italian, Polish and U.S. paratroopers jumped into Ginkel Heath drop zone. [54], Owing to the oversight in German orders, the British were able to secure the undefended northern end of the road bridge. Burgett, Donald R. (1999):Seven Roads To Hell; A Screaming Eagle At Bastogne. An American paratrooper about to leap from a C-47. The defensive line now blocked the entire western side of Arnhem and had just closed the gap exploited by Frost alongside the river the previous evening. In 1945, Louis Hagen, a Jewish refugee from Germany and a British army glider pilot present at the battle, wrote Arnhem Lift, believed to be the first book published about the events at Arnhem. [141] The boats took until 1:00 a.m. to arrive, several having been destroyed or lost en route; in a last minute change of plan, only the Dorsets would cross. The maroon beret,[9] the airborne forces patch of Bellerophon riding the flying horse Pegasus and parachute wings worn on the right shoulder of trained parachutists. . [15] The operation would be supplied by daily flights by 38 Group and 46 Group RAF who would make the first drop on LZ 'L' on day 2 and subsequent drops on DZ 'V'. In 1982, Attactix Adventure Games adapted some events of the battle into a board game. [117] Overnight, a few units managed to hold out for a little longer and several groups tried to break out toward the Oosterbeek perimeter, although almost all of them, including Major Hibbert, were captured. [213] The Germans continued to fight Allied forces on the plains between Arnhem and Nijmegen. Firearm: The British army modeled its .303-caliber Bren light machine gun after the Czech-made ZB vz. [85] By the time the report was corrected, first light was not long away but with reinforcement at the bridge the priority, the attack had to proceed. [35] Model arranged for units to be sent straight to the units in action and rushed in specialist urban warfare and machine gun battalions. More men were evacuated from the aid posts throughout the day but there was no official truce and this was sometimes done under fire. [95] Making a fighting withdrawal with the Germans of Kampfgruppe Krafft closely pursuing them, the units fell back across LZ 'L', defended by the King's Own Scottish Borderers, who were awaiting the arrival of the glider borne elements of the Polish Parachute Brigade. In the years prior to World War II, the U.S. Army began to develop the concept of deploying troops from the air. [223] The German dead were gathered together and buried in the SS Heroes Cemetery near Arnhem, but after the war they were reburied in Ysselsteyn. [161] The Glider Pilots would organise the routes to the river and the operation would be covered by an intense artillery bombardment from XXX Corps. Clothing. The Allies were unable to advance further with no secure bridges over the Nederrijn and the front line stabilised south of Arnhem. 24.50 24.50 Unit price / per Add to cart British Army, Parachute Regt, Bn, 1 British Army, Parachute Regiment British Army, Div, Airborne, 1 AP.A & Allied Airborne Corps 1 United States Army Air Force, 9th Troop Carrier Command Associated events Operation Market 1944, Operation Market Garden 1944, North West Europe, Second World War Associated places [139] That night the plan was put into operation but the cable designed to run the boats across broke and the small oars were not enough to paddle across the fast-flowing river. . [36] Each day of the battle, the German military strength increased whilst the British supplies diminished. [20] Such information would have been gleaned from Ultra intercepts that the First Allied Airborne Army was not privy to and therefore could not act upon themselves. The 1st Parachute Battalion led, supported by remnants of the 3rd Parachute Battalion, with the 2nd South Staffordshires on the left flank and the 11th Parachute Battalion following behind. The Germans closed down Arnhem and the British troops of . I. Russell No.9 Platoon : Lt. P. Barry [14] On the second day, the 4th Parachute Brigade (Brigadier John "Shan" Hackett) would arrive at DZ 'Y', accompanied by extra artillery units and the rest of the Airlanding Brigade on LZ 'X'. Our database is searchable by subject and updated continuously. [43] The 10th SS Division was sent south to respond to the American landings at Nijmegen and to defend the "island" (the polder between the Nederrijn and Waal rivers), while the 9th would defend Arnhem. Elite German paratroopers entered the village and quickly seized Fr. Although some jeeps of the reconnaissance squadron were lost on the flight over, the company formed up in good strength and moved off along Leopard route. American Paratroopers In World War II. [178], German casualty figures are less complete than those of the Allies and official figures have never been released. Most of the battalion and various other supporting unitsincluding two jeeps of Gough's squadron, four 6-pounder anti-tank guns, Brigade HQ (without Lathbury), and Royal Engineers (in total numbering about 740 men)[53] moved into Arnhem centre as night fell. The battalion headed south into Oosterbeek overnight. Hand Grenade: Airborne troops carried the No. [179], A month later Browning wrote a long letter, highly critical of Sosabowski, to Brooke's deputy. [151][150] Warrack was taken to see Bittrich who agreed and offered Warrack as many supplies as he could carry. [170][187][188] Many military commentators and historians believe that the failure to secure Arnhem was not the fault of the airborne forces (who had held out for far longer than planned) but of the operation. The British forces at the bridge finally surrendered on 21 September 1944. Although the majority of the 9,000 servicemen who landed at Arnhem on September 18, 1944 were paratroopers, three battalions of infantry from the Border Regiment arrived by glider.

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