where was esteban de dorantes born

The four escape their slavery and journey on foot across what is today Northern Mexico and the American Southwest. Storms instead cast them to a small barrier island off the coast of Texas. also known as "Esteban Dorantes," was the first African-born person known by name to set foot in territories that became part of the United States. Esteban de Dorantes, Estebanico, Mustafa Zemmouri, and Esteban the Moor are the names he was known by. Fray Marcos returned to Mexico City convinced he had found the fabled golden city of Cbola. One of the guides claimed, we saw no more of Esteban; rather we believe they shot him with arrows as they did the rest who were traveling with him [we believe no one] escaped except us"3. His daring exploration of the Americas made him a pioneer, and yet none of his traveling companions ever thought to record his opinions or perspective. "Dorantes, Esteban de." Estevanico, also known as Esteban de Dorantes or Esteban the Moor, sailed from Spain to the New World in 1527. He was instructed by Fray Marcos to communicate by sending back crosses to the main party, with the size of the cross indicating the importance of his discoveries. In Florida: Exploration and settlement Nez Cabeza de Vaca and Estebn, a Moorish slave who was the first black man known to have entered Floridareached Culiacn, Mexico, in 1536. Or did he disappear into Tierra Nueva? We know he was taken captive and enslaved during the conquest of Morocco. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Whatever happened to Estevanico, it terrified de Niza, who recalled the expedition immediately. Estebam Dorantes was the first African in American. When the three European survivors refused to head an expedition, Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza purchased Esteban and sent him on Fray Marcos de Nizas 1539 journey in search of wealth. From there, they journey south to Mexico City, where Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza tries to convince them to return north with the expedition of Fray Marcos de Niza. Clark in the The Dictionary of Caribbean and Afro-Latin American Biography, Estevanicos Route, 1527-1539 https://alchetron.com/Estevanico, Map of Azemmour: http://maroc.eklablog.net/azemmour-a103119131. [13] When the three Spaniards declined to lead an expedition to the north, Antonio de Mendoza, the Viceroy of New Spain, commissioned Fray Marcos de Niza to lead an expedition north in search of the fabled Seven Cities of Cibola. Edmond Berger was born in Bolivia, the city of CumGyauy, Guide to American Independence Day (Fourth of July). His own survival depended on his ability to function in multiple worlds. How do you merge two arrays of objects in react JS? Fray Marcos, assured of the cities existence by an Indian informant, claimed to have seen them in the distance. They did not know for certain the fate of Estevanico but they assumed he was dead. Estevanico (c. 1500-1539) ; "Mustafa Zemmouri" , also known as Esteban de Dorantes, was the first known person born in Africa to have arrived in the present-day continental United States. Pepita Dona Maria's servant )Esteban, Uncle Pio, and Jaime. Yale Western Americana Series. 5 https://newmexicohistory.org/people/esteban-the-moor, Dennis Herrick, Esteban: The African Slave Explored America. Thats not to say that that Black explorers werent out there, just that their stories are overshadowed by the familiar names that live in our history books. [4], Very little is known about the background of Estevanico. In 1528 the conquistador Panfilo de Narvaez landed an expedition of some 260 men in the Tampa Bay area. This is The seemingly miraculous return of the intrepid survivors turned the attention of Spanish colonial administrators in Mexico City toward the mysterious north which had long been rumored to harbor a treasure to rival that of the Aztecs. One day, a cross arrived that was as tall as a person and the messengers said that Estevanico had heard reports of seven large and wealthy cities in a land to the north called Cbola. What are the duties of a sanitary prefect in a school? He granted Narvez permission to raise a force of 600 men, sail for the Gulf Coast, and establish at least two towns and two forts, of which Narvez would be governor. dashicons-facebook-alt Cleve Hallenbeck reported that Estaban was killed while trying to escape. [17] In his Relacon, he reported on the death of Estevanico at Hawikuh as related to him by members of the African's party. He learned the languages and culture of indigenous peoples and in 1539 became the first official representative of Spain . Esteban and fifteen other men survived the winter only to be enslaved by Karankawa Indians. How do I add access-control-allow-Origin header? He did most of the talking, getting directions, finding out the names of towns and villages and obtaining other useful info for him and his party. Yes! Gutirrez, Ramn A. Born around 1500s Azamor Morocco, he was enslaved at a very young age by the Portuguese who ruled Morocco at the time (around 1520) and he was sold to a Spaniard Andres Dorantes de Carranza. A chance encounter with Spaniards in northwestern Mexico ended the group's years of wandering. Marcos was elated and hurried to join Esteban. Born: c. 1500 Azemmour, Morocco (Wattasid period) Disappeared: 1539 Hawikuh, New Mexico, U.S. Other names: Esteban the Moor, Little Stephen, Esteban de Dorantes, Mustafa Azemmouri: Occupation: Explorer in present-day Mexico and parts of the southwest United States Though they took Estebans life, the Zunis memorialized him in a black ogre kachina named Chakwaina. Language Label Description Also known as; English: Estevanico. Captives that tried to escape were killed by the Indians leaving only Andres, Estaban, and Castillo. Dedra S. McDonald, Intimacy and Empire: Indian-African Interaction in Spanish Colonial New Mexico, 1500-1800 in James F. Brooks, ed., Confounding the Color Line: The Indian-Black Experience in North America (2002). what happens when you drink cold water when you are hot? "Estevanico was a large and powerful . George P. Hammond and Agapito Rey, eds. He especially had an affinity for the local women and had many relationships. They would never find the mythical Seven Cities of Gold, but they did conquer Hawikku, using it as a base from which to wage what became known as the Tiguex War, resulting in the Spanish conquest of Nuevo Mxico and the deaths of hundreds of puebloans. How do you set nested routes in react router? [4] Mexico was the new Spain at the time. It was in the fall of 1533 that Estevanico, Dorantes, and Cabeza de Vaca, along with a fourth survivor named Alonso del Castillo Maldonado, were reunited in the prickly pear groves. Oviedo y Valdez, Gonzalo Fernndez. Each fall, many gathered in present-day Texas in order to harvest the abundant fruit of the prickly pear cactus. These were the many names by which this man, an African, was known. Eager to exploit such riches, the viceroy quickly organized another expedition under Francisco Vsquez de Coronado. He is known by many different names, common are. Its possible that the A:shiwi people who lived there were angered by Estevanicos claims that a party of white men were comingperhaps they didnt believe him, or had heard tell of violence and enslavement at the hands of Spanish conquistadors and killed him as a warning. Esteban and his master Andres sailed together in the same boat with Alonzo del Castillo Maldonado. Eventually, the land party settled in the abandoned town of Aute, where they resolved to melt their weapons and armor down, reforging the metal into tools with which to build new boats. Beset by confusing rumors of gold to the north and repeated attacks by Apalachee warriors, Narvez quickly lost track of his ships. Weber, David J. A small donation would help us keep this available to all. He was the country's first black president from 10 May 1994 to 16 June 1999. In this episode, Harris recounts the stories of two of historic explorers, Esteban de Dorantes (1500 -1539) and York (1770 -1832), and the contributions they made to world history. The Narvez expedition landed in present-day St. Petersburg, Florida, on the shores of Boca Ciega Bay. I also want to get the Early Bird Books newsletter featuring great deals on ebooks. His formal name "de Dorantes" comes from his status as an enslaved person. By continuing to browse, you accept the use of cookies and other technologies. Born in Morocco, Estebanico was enslaved in his youth and eventually sold to a Spanish soldier and lesser noble named Andrs Dorantes de Carranza, though the precise time of the sale is unknown. Esteban de Dorantes was born in modern day Morocco and is referred to as the first great African man in America. He was a slave who accompanied his master on an exploration to the New World, and was one of only four on the voyage who survived after their ship wrecked on the east coast of Texas. Updates? In Mexico City, the four survivors told stories of wealthy indigenous tribes to the north, which created a stir among Spaniards in Mexico. Among those who were aboard his fleet when it set sail from Sanlcar de Barrameda on June 7, 1527 were Dorantes and Estevanico. Even in his companions chronicles, he was relegated to a footnote until his contribution to their disastrous Gulf Coast expedition suddenly became too important to ignore. Estevanico couldnt have known what his disappearance in Hawikku would provoke, but he is nonetheless a figure of historical consequence. They used their clothes for sails by sowing them together. How do I put two buttons on the same row in HTML? Cabeza de Vaca wrote that he was a "negro alrabe, natural de Azamor",[5] which can be translated as "an Arabized black, native to Azemmour"[5] or "an Arabic-speaking black man, a native of Azamor". AZ Discover the Story of Estevanico, the 16th Century Texas Explorer. Seeking glory and riches, Dorentes signed on to take part in the Narvez expedition. Esteban de Dorantes has many names. How do I fix the background image in HTML? How do you pass route parameters in react? I can name archaeologist George McJunkin, or speak of the Buffalo Soldiers. Estevanico and his companions had heard that there existed, somewhere in the deserts to the north, seven cities of immense wealth. Most contemporary accounts referred to him by his personal nicknames Estevanico, Azemmouri, or simply el negro (a common Spanish term, meaning "the black"). Panfilo de Narvaez was an accomplished conquistador with over 20 years of experience and had just received a royal appointment by the King of Spain as Spains governor in unexplored Florida. Narvez landed in Tampa Bay and marched part of his forces into the interior, searching for riches. Nearly 20 years, an expedition in 1539 under Estban, a black slave who had been shipwrecked with Cabeza de Vaca, and Fray Marcos de Niza to verify de Vacas reports. Cabeza de Vaca crosses to the mainland, finding his fellows enslaved and only three remaining survivors: Esteban, Dorantes, and Castillo Maldonado. All Rights Reserved. We know that he was an African of Moroccan ancestry and born into the Muslim faith. [9] The four spent years enslaved on the Texas barrier islands.[10]. In that capacity, he became the first conquistador to set foot in what is now northwestern New Mexico. 13. The Expedition of Pnfilo de Narvez. Edited and translated by Harbart Davenport. dashicons-twitter So they made an imitation, reciting Christian prayers and making the sign of the cross over the sick. He remains one of the few unsung heroes. Dovantes was born in Azemmour, Morrocco in the 1500s and was one of the first Native Africans . His unknown origins, arduous journey, and mysterious disappearance leave him shrouded in mystery. He is referred to as simply Esteban or Estevan, more commonly as Estevanico, and also referred to as Esteban the Moor. We are a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for us to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites. In 1539, the Viceroy of New Spain, Antonio de Mendoza, sent one of the survivors, a North African slave named Esteban de Dorantes, and a Franciscan priest, Marcos de Niza, on an expedition to find the Seven Cities. [24], Estevanico was the first non-Native to visit Pueblo lands.[25][26]. I am very happy to welcome you to my website! As the journey progressed, the boats were gradually lost, and at about the beginning of November 1528, Narvez disappeared when his own vessel was suddenly blown out to sea. Journeying through the mountains of Sonora was very easy and comfortable for Esteban although the same cannot be said for his protege. Andres so much desired to explore and colonize new territories for Spain along the Gulf of Mexico starting from Florida all the way to the Rio Grande. Estebanico guided the last of three fellow survivors through Texas and northern Mexico as a free man while adopting traditions of the Native American tribes they encountered, according to accounts by two of the . Estevanico was born somewhere in West Africa and sold into slavery in 1513 by the Portuguese. What time does normal church end on Sunday? Taylor, Quintard. 2Richard Flint, p33 Surprised to find Christians living among Indian infidels, the soldiers became even more amazed when they heard the tale of the experiences of the four men. How do I write a node js query in MongoDB? Andres Dorantes de Carranza purchased him and brought Esteban to [what would later become] Florida in April 1528." Long before the Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-1806), Esteban, said to have been Muslim and born sometime around 1500 in Morocco, would traverse the land from the Southwest to the Pacific Ocean. How do you skip failed stage in Jenkins pipeline? In 1534 the four survivors escaped into the American interior and became medicine men. Long before the Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-1806), Esteban, said to have been Muslim and born sometime around 1500 in Morocco, would traverse the land from the Southwest to the Pacific. rich, jeremy. Hence, Mendoza persuaded a Franciscan friar, Marcos de Niza, to at least nominally head the venture. With the exception of Cabeza de Vaca (whose travel narrative is the main source for Estebanicos life and the voyage), they cross to the mainland. Estevanico, also known as Mustafa Zemmouri, Black Stephen, Esteban the Moor, Esteban de Dorantes, and Estebanico, was the first African to have arrived in the present-day continental United States. Mendoza launched another expedition, heavily armed and headed by Francisco Vzquez de Coronado y Lujn, in 1540. Hernando de Soto came in 1539, landing somewhere between Fort Myers and Tampa, and led another disastrous expedition, this time through western Florida. Estevanico, born in Morocco, was the first known person born in Africa to have arrived in the present-day continental United States. de Vaca appealed to the soldiers not to capture their Indian entourage and the soldiers obliged. Esteban is actually Stephen Paul, the 58 year-old son of a steel worker from Pittsburgh. Clark in the, http://maroc.eklablog.net/azemmour-a103119131. Dorantes de Carranza took Esteban with him to the New World. He took with him about 600 men including Andres Dorantes de Carranza who was his commander and of course Esteban followed his master. Courtesy David Weber Collection, Public domain, African American History: Research Guides & Websites, Global African History: Research Guides & Websites, African American Scientists and Technicians of the Manhattan Project, Envoys, Diplomatic Ministers, & Ambassadors, Foundation, Organization, and Corporate Supporters. Andrs Dorantes de Carranza, a minor Spanish noble, purchases Esteban (his surname comes from this relationship, though it was rarely used in documents). How do you push multiple objects in one object? He was born in a Kentucky log They sail from the port of Sanlcar de Barrameda on June 17 and arrive at Santo Domingo (in todays Dominican Republic) in August. Where did Esteban de Dorantes land? He may have been Moroccan-born, of course; there were plenty of black slaves in Morocco in the 16th c. He was a Muslim African. Hereford, The Narrative of Cabeza de Vaca. As usual, he traveled ahead of the rest of the party with a small group. Estevanico seemed unconcerned by these threats and proceeded to Cbola. We know that he was born circa 1500, and his birth name, Mustafa Azemmouri, suggests that he hailed from the Moroccan city of Azemmour. There is no large harbor north of Boca Ciega Bay, and Narvez never saw his ships again. All were excited to explore and discover the riches this new world had to offer. Esteban de Dorantes, an enslaved man of African descent known as Estavenico, was born in 1500. He was baptized and christened Estevanico. Coronado Cuarto Centennial Publications, 1540-1940 ; vol. When the other three Narvez members declined to go, Mendoza purchased Esteban from Andrs Dorantes and contracted him to accompany a Franciscan priest, fray Marcos de Niza, to Cbola (the name eventually given to the mythical cities of Tierra Nueva). Grateful patients would share rumors of goings-on, and at times even offered to guide them to the next settlement. In the morning, Esteban attempted again to approach Cbola but this time was met with aggression. Narratives of the Coronado Expedition, 15401542. retrieved. His achievements in the 16th century largely remain undervalued due to his status as a slave. He suggested Esteban with a few men should go ahead to prepare for his arrival as they reached villages while Esteban would routinely sending back word of his progress. McDonald, Dedra S. Intimacy and Empire: Indian-African Interaction in Spanish Colonial New Mexico, 15001800, in Confounding the Color Line: The Indian-Black Experience in North America, edited by. Spain had a policy of primogeniturewhen a patriarch died, all of his wealth would pass to his firstborn son, leaving the rest of his progeny in the lurch. Adorno, Rolena, and Patrick Charles Pautz, eds. Word of his death reached Fray Marcos, who gazed at Hawikuh from afar, then headed back to Mexico City, claiming to have discovered the fabled golden city of Cibola. The group set out in 1539. He traveled for eight years, becoming the first African native to set foot in the New World. Why did Esteban Dorantes go to Florida? Periodically, Esteban sent back information with Mexican Indian scouts, but he pushed on and reached the pueblo of Hawikku in western New Mexico, where he disappeared from history, ostensibly killed by the Zuni. Although there is no account of any of his followers ever saying they saw him being killed, there are many versions of why he was killed. . Estevanico first appears as a slave in Portuguese records in Morocco, with him being sold to a Spanish nobleman in about 1521. Here the expedition divides, with Narvez leading 300 men (including Esteban) on foot into the interior and others staying on the ships to explore the coast. Fleeing from fierce attacks launched by the Apalachee, Esteban and his master, Captain Andrs de Dorantes, along with Alvar Nez Cabeza de Vaca and thirteen others, sailed west through the Gulf of Mexico on quickly-constructed barges. In 16th-century chronicles of Spanish settlement of the New World, he is identified . Estevanico ("Little Stephen"; modern spelling Estebanico; c. 1500-1539), also known as Esteban de Dorantes or Mustafa Azemmouri ( ), was the first African to explore North America. Your donation is fully tax-deductible. According to all accounts, he was a remarkable man. He is most remembered as the leader of two failed expeditions: In 1520 he was sent to Mexico by the Governor of Cuba Diego Velzquez de Cullar, with the objective of stopping the invasion by Hernn Corts which had not been authorized by the Governor. Esteban de Dorantes was an important explorer connected to the Coronado Expedition. Esteban Dorantes (sometimes called the diminutive Estebanico or Estevanico in contemporary documents) was an enslaved North African explorer who was among the first representatives of the Old World to encounter peoples of today's American Southwest and is one of the earliest known persons of African descent to set foot on what would later become the United States of America (in 1528). $MMT = window.$MMT || {}; $MMT.cmd = $MMT.cmd || [];$MMT.cmd.push(function(){ $MMT.video.slots.push(["6451f103-9add-4354-8c07-120e2f85be69"]); }). After this, he starts dating, and eventually proposes to Dr. Esteban and Nancys relationship became strained in season 5 due to her betrayal and his constant threats to murder her, but with Nancy being pregnant with his child, Esteban ultimately ended up proposing to her. He first came to America in 1527 as part of an exploration venture to Florida. When de Niza caught up to Estevanicos bloodied men, they told him that Estevanico and others had been killed by the A:shiwi people there. His own survival depended on his ability to function in multiple worlds. In the Relacin, Cabeza de Vaca said Estevanico often went in advance of the other three survivors because Estevanico had learned some parts of the indigenous language. To know more about Estevanico visit:- During this time Esteban would learn the languages and cultures of indigenous people of the region, skills that would serve him well. Possibly to appease the powerful Mendoza, Dorantes granted him ownership of Estevanico. The Portuguese military conquered the city in 1522. He had been blocked from entering Cbola and the group was forced to shelter the night in a structure outside of the community. The group on land arrives among the Apalachee Indians (near what is today Tallahassee). In return, Charles would receive a one-fifth share of any plunder brought back. To achieve that they needed to survive more than a decade, often serving as slaves to native tribes, and eventually reaching Spanish territory in modern day Mexico. How do you check radio button is checked or not in AngularJS? For six years, Esteban and three of the expedition's Spanish survivors - Dorantes, Alonso del Castillo Maldonado and Alvar Nez Cabeza de Vaca - were held captive of Indian tribes in Texas. The most comprehensive description of his origins consists of just one line written by lvar Nez Cabeza de Vaca in his Spanish account of the Narvez Expedition. Esteban's experience as a survivor of the failed Pnfilo de Narvez expedition to Florida in 1528 made him a natural choice to lead an exploration into the fabled lands of the north in what is now northern Mexico as well as Arizona and New Mexico. How do you add dependency from one project to another in gradle? James F. Brooks (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2002). With no sign of their fleet, the survivors build rafts in an attempt to sail to Mexico. Marcos wrote, "in four days the messengers came from there from Esteban with a very large cross the height of a man"2. How do you make a many to many relationship in laravel? They are repelled by strong bowmen and only 242 return to the coast. Estevanico (c. 1500-1539), born in Morocco, was the first known person born in Africa to have arrived in the present-day continental United States. This site uses cookies to improve user experience. And quickly they constructed five make-shift Barges to transverse the ocean with, each overloaded with about 50 men. How do you reference a cell in an external Excel file based on a variable? How do you check if a string matches a regex in Java? Estevanico ("Little Stephen"; modern spelling Estebanico; c. 1500 -1539), also known as Esteban de Dorantes or Mustafa Azemmouri ( ), was the first African to explore North America. How do I convert a Dataframe to a matrix in R? He had lost touch with his ships and ordered the construction of four large rafts. According to legend, the seven cities of gold could be found in the Sonoran Desert, Arizona. All went well until Esteban reached Hawikuh, a Zuni pueblo located just east of the present Arizona-New Mexico border. 20072023 Blackpast.org. Esteban Dorantes date of. He has been referred to as "the first great African man in America". By 1527 he was a commander in the disastrous Panfilo de Narvaez expedition. Thought to have been born sometime around 1500 on the west coast of Morocco, Estevan was sold to the Spanish as an enslaved worker. The survivors and their entourage encounter a party of Spanish slave raiders north of the city of San Miguel de Culiacn. dashicons-instagram, Policies Terms of Use Web Accessibility Site Map, Copyright 2023, Appalachian Mountain Club, Center for Outdoor Learning and Leadership. More important, however, he found a niche as a cultural broker, paving the way for intercultural communications among peoples of Europe, America, and Africa. University of New Mexico Press (October 15, 2018). Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Estebans experience as a survivor of the failed Pnfilo de Narvez expedition to Florida in 1528 made him a natural choice to lead an exploration into the fabled lands of the north in what is now northern Mexico as well as Arizona and New Mexico. Flint, Richard, and Shirley Cushing Flint. Deserters, hurricanes, and an incompetent navigator wracked the expedition at every turn. When the three European survivors refused to lead an expedition to the north, Don Antonio de Mendoza, the Viceroy of New Spain, engaged the services of Esteban, purchasing him from Dorantes. The 80 survivors would suffer disease, starvation, and war. His contribution to various expeditions has been largely overlooked. Do you find this information helpful? [6] This same chronicle does not mention Estevanico's enslavement but other contemporary documents make it clear that he was owned by Andrs Dorantes de Carranza, a Spanish nobleman who participated in the expedition.[7]. His Christian name Estevan, a Spanish form of "Stephen," confirms this. 300 men left on the trip; only Estevanico and three others returned. He led another 300 men, with 42 horses, north along the coast, intending to rejoin his ships at the large harbor. According to a contemporary source, Mendoza either purchased Estevanico or received him as a gift from Dorantes. In 1527, he became a member of a 600-person crew made up of men and women led by explorer Panfilo de Narvaez. Narvez landed in Tampa Bay and marched part of his forces into the interior, searching for riches. lvar Nez Cabeza de Vaca: His Account, His Life, and the Expedition of Pnfilo de Narvez. His visit to the Seven Cities of Cibola preceded that of Coronado. By early 1535 these four castaways had escaped their captors by fleeing south along the inner coast and entering Mexico near the present-day Falcn Lake Reservoir. Esteban (?-1539), African-born slave and explorer for Spain. To the Native people, Esteban was the harbinger of the European conquest to come. Estevanico traveled with Dorantes to Hispaniola and Cuba with Pnfilo de Narvez's ill-fated expedition of 1527 to colonize Florida and the Gulf Coast.Estevanico became the first person from Africa known to have set foot in the present continental United States.He and Dorantes were among the expedition's four survivors, the only ones to survive the expedition's attempt to sail from Florida . Esteban de Dorantes was born in modern day Morocco and is referred to as "the first great African man in America." He was a slave who accompanied his master . He remains a complicated figure whose life and death still evoke speculation to this day. He was sold to Andrs Dorantes de Carranza. How do I upload files from Amazon S3 to node? Louis Gates Jr.. , edited by and Emmanuel K. Akyeampong. Estevanico(aka Estevan, Esteban, Estebanico, Black Stephen, Stephen the Moor) Biography, Timeline & Facts about the famous explorer, explorations & voyages in the Age of Exploration. Logan, Rayford. Somehow, it worked. Estevanico was known to enjoy gifts of turquoise and the company of women, so some have suggested that he made extravagant demands that offended the A:shiwi. Dorantes was born around 1513 in Azemmour, Morocco. When Esteban and Marcos entered "Tierra Nueva", Esteban was sent ahead to see what he could learn about Cbola from the native peoples. He acquired Esteban from Dorantes, and appointed the Moroccan interpreter and scout for the expedition of the French-born Franciscan Fray Marcos de Niza, who was being sent north to investigate rumors of great wealth beyond the northern border of New Spain. The mystery surrounding Estevanico begins with his first breath. Estevanico, who was born Esteban de Dorantes in Azemmour, Morocco, around 1500, was sold into slavery by the Portuguese in 1513 and brought to Spain.

Lincoln County Car Accident Today, Why Did The Ming Dynasty Isolate Themselves, 5312 State Highway 11, Sherman, Tx Owner, Orientique Summer 2022, Articles W